The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Broad Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Human Central Nervous System
Abstract
The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) plays a key role in controlling innate immune responses to a wide variety of pathogen-associated molecules. In this study we investigated expression of TLRs in vitro by purified human microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and in vivo by immunohistochemical examination of brain and spinal cord sections. Cultured primary microglia were found to express mRNA encoding a wide range of different TLR family members while astrocytes and oligodendrocytes primarily express TLR2 and TLR3. Comparisons between microglia derived from a series of control subjects and neurodegenerative cases indicate distinct differences in levels of mRNA encoding the different TLRs indifferent microglia samples. Interestingly, expression of TLR proteins in cultured microglia as revealed by immunocytochemistry was restricted to intracellular vesicles, whereas in astrocytes they were exclusively localized on the cell surface. Finally, in vivo expression of TLR3 and TLR4 was examined by immunohistochemical analysis of brain and spinal cord sections from both control and multiple sclerosis brains, revealing enhanced expression of either TLR in inflamed CNS tissues. Together, our data reveal broad and regulated expression of TLRs both in vitro and in vivo by human glia cells.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491 · cited 4×
“PCR amplifications were performed on 1 mL copy DNA and 49 mL PCR mix (40 mL water 1 5 mL MgCl2 (see below for concentration) 1 1 mL 10 mM dNTP mix 1 1 mL 20 pmol/mL primer 1 1 mL 20 pmol/mL anti-sense primer and 0.2 mL taq polymerase).”
BackgroundInfluentialRogers, J., & Lue, L.-F. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(01)00040-7 · Cited by 236
Cited by
Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms
Block, M. L., Zecca, L., & Hong, J.-S. (2007) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2038 · Cited by 4,110
Kettenmann, H., Hanisch, U.-K., Noda, M., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2010 · Cited by 3,547
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases
Amor, S., Puentes, F., Baker, D., & Van Der Valk, P. (2010) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03225.x · Cited by 1,355
Astrocytes are active players in cerebral innate immunity
Farina, C., Aloisi, F., & Meinl, E. (2007) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.01.005 · Cited by 1,304
Microglia initiate central nervous system innate and adaptive immune responses through multiple TLRs
Olson, J. K., & Miller, S. D. (2004) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.173.6.3916 · Cited by 1,215
Metadata
- Authors
- Bsibsi, M., Ravid, R., Gveric, D., & van Noort, J. M.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-11
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1013-1021
- ISSN
- 0022-3069 (ISSN-L)
- 1554-6578
- OpenAlex
- W1503511302
- Cited by
- 999
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 10.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Broad Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Human Central Nervous System. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/jnen/61.11.1013
- The paper
- Bsibsi, M., Ravid, R., Gveric, D., & van Noort, J. M. (2002). Broad Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Human Central Nervous System. Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnen/61.11.1013
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
