Cited by 1,100Heavy metals in environmentPlant Stress Responses and TolerancePlant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects

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Root responses to cadmium in the rhizosphere: a review

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Lux, A., Martinka, M., Vaculik, M., White, P. J.·2011·Journal of Experimental Botany

DOI 10.1093/jxb/erq281

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Abstract

This article reviews the responses of plant roots to elevated rhizosphere cadmium (Cd) concentrations. Cadmium enters plants from the soil solution. It traverses the root through symplasmic or apoplasmic pathways before entering the xylem and being translocated to the shoot. Leaf Cd concentrations in excess of 5-10 μg g(-1) dry matter are toxic to most plants, and plants have evolved mechanisms to limit Cd translocation to the shoot. Cadmium movement through the root symplasm is thought to be restricted by the production of phytochelatins and the sequestration of Cd-chelates in vacuoles. Apoplasmic movement of Cd to the xylem can be restricted by the development of the exodermis, endodermis, and other extracellular barriers. Increasing rhizosphere Cd concentrations increase Cd accumulation in the plant, especially in the root. The presence of Cd in the rhizosphere inhibits root elongation and influences root anatomy. Cadmium concentrations are greater in the root apoplasm than in the root symplasm, and tissue Cd concentrations decrease from peripheral to inner root tissues. This article reviews current knowledge of the proteins involved in the transport of Cd across root cell membranes and its detoxification through sequestration in root vacuoles. It describes the development of apoplastic barriers to Cd movement to the xylem and highlights recent experiments indicating that their maturation is accelerated by high Cd concentrations in their immediate locality. It concludes that accelerated maturation of the endodermis in response to local Cd availability is of functional significance in protecting the shoot from excessive Cd loads.

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Authors: Lux, A., Martinka, M., Vaculik, M., & White, P. J.
Affiliations: Comenius University Bratislava (SK)
ORCID: Lux, A.
Martinka, M.
White, P. J.
Venue: Journal of Experimental Botany
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2010-09-20
Volume: 62
Issue: 1
Pages: 21-37
ISSN: 0022-0957 (ISSN-L)
1460-2431
DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq281
OpenAlex: W2098251663
Cited by: 1,100
References: 177
Citations by year: 2026: 74 · 2025: 72 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 111 · 2019: 103 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 73 · 2015: 65 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 2.45
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Experimental Botany (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Scottish Government
Agentúra na Podporu Výskumu a Vývoja (COST-0004-06, SK-ZA-0007-07)
Vedecká Grantová Agentúra MŠVVaŠ SR a SAV (1/0472/10)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
Keywords: cadmium, rhizosphere, root responses, cadmium translocation, symplasmic transport, phytochelatins, vacuolar sequestration, exodermis, endodermis, apoplastic barriers, root elongation, root anatomy, heavy metal detoxification, cadmium accumulation in roots
MeSH terms: Biological Transport, Cadmium, Plants, Plant Roots, Rhizosphere, Plant Development

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Root responses to cadmium in the rhizosphere: a review

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