The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth
Open accessAbstract
Using isotopic screens, phylogenetic assessments, and 45 years of physiological data, it is now possible to identify most of the evolutionary lineages expressing the C(4) photosynthetic pathway. Here, 62 recognizable lineages of C(4) photosynthesis are listed. Thirty-six lineages (60%) occur in the eudicots. Monocots account for 26 lineages, with a minimum of 18 lineages being present in the grass family and six in the sedge family. Species exhibiting the C(3)-C(4) intermediate type of photosynthesis correspond to 21 lineages. Of these, 9 are not immediately associated with any C(4) lineage, indicating that they did not share common C(3)-C(4) ancestors with C(4) species and are instead an independent line. The geographic centre of origin for 47 of the lineages could be estimated. These centres tend to cluster in areas corresponding to what are now arid to semi-arid regions of southwestern North America, south-central South America, central Asia, northeastern and southern Africa, and inland Australia. With 62 independent lineages, C(4) photosynthesis has to be considered one of the most convergent of the complex evolutionary phenomena on planet Earth, and is thus an outstanding system to study the mechanisms of evolutionary adaptation.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
THE ANGIOSPERM PHYLOGENY GROUP (2009) · Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society · doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x · Cited by 4,854
Iii, A. (2009) · Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society · Cited by 3,983
Apg (2009) · Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society · Cited by 3,627
Two Categories of 13C/12C Ratios for Higher Plants
Smith, B. N., & Epstein, S. (1971) · Plant Physiology · doi:10.1104/pp.47.3.380 · Cited by 2,045
The evolution of C4photosynthesis
Sage, R. F. (2004) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.00974.x · Cited by 1,349
Self-citationThe Origins of C 4 Grasslands: Integrating Evolutionary and Ecosystem Science
Edwards, E. J., Osborne, C. P., Strömberg, C. A. E., Smith, S. A., C Grasses Consortium, Bond, W. J., Christin, P.-A., Cousins, A. B., Duvall, M. R., Fox, D. L., et al. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1177216 · Cited by 1,063
Self-citationPaleoclimate and evolution, with emphasis on human origins
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3950 · Cited by 691
Photosynthesis and Photorespiration
Slatyer, R. O., & Tolbert, N. E. (1971) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.173.4002.1162 · Cited by 671
Photosynthesis by sugar-cane leaves. A new carboxylation reaction and the pathway of sugar formation
Hatch, M. D., & Slack, C. R. (1966) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj1010103 · Cited by 670
Physiological plant anatomy, tr. by Montagu Drummond.
Haberlandt, G. (1914) · Biodiversity Heritage Library (Smithsonian Institution) · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28492 · Cited by 609
Cited by
Contingency and determinism in evolution: Replaying life’s tape
Blount, Z. D., Lenski, R. E., & Losos, J. B. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam5979 · Cited by 590
Multiple Arabidopsis genes primed for recruitment into C4 photosynthesis
Kajala, K., Brown, N. J., Williams, B. P., Borrill, P., Taylor, L. E., & Hibberd, J. M. (2012) · The Plant Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04769.x · Cited by 73
The Evolution of Switchgrass as an Energy Crop
Parrish, D. J., Casler, M. D., & Monti, A. (2012) · Green Energy and Technology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2903-5_1 · Cited by 60
Rudov, A., Mashkour, M., Djamali, M., & Akhani, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2020.546518 · Cited by 59
Fukushima, K., & Pollock, D. D. (2023) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01932-7 · Cited by 55
Metadata
- Authors
- Sage, R. F., Christin, P.-A., & Edwards, E. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Botany
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2011-03-16
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 3155-3169
- ISSN
- 0022-0957 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2431
- OpenAlex
- W2141907331
- Cited by
- 632
- References
- 67
- FWCI
- 44.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/jxb/err048
- The paper
- Sage, R. F., Christin, P.-A., & Edwards, E. J. (2011). The C4 plant lineages of planet Earth. Journal of Experimental Botany. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err048
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.