The Steady-State Theory of the Expanding Universe
Open accessAbstract
The applicability of the laws of terrestrial physics to cosmology is examined critically. It is found that terrestrial physics can be used unambiguously only in a stationary homogeneous universe. Therefore a strict logical basis for cosmology exists only in such a universe. The implications of assuming these properties are investigated. Considerations of local thermodynamics show as clearly as astronomical observations that the universe must be expanding. Hence, there must be continuous creation of matter in space at a rate which is, however, far too low for direct observation. The observable properties of such an expanding stationary homogeneous universe are obtained, and all the observational tests are found to give good agreement. The physical properties of the creation process are considered in some detail, and the possible formulation of a field theory is critically discussed.
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Cosmological steady-state theories of Bondi and Gold (1948) and Hoyle (1948) necessarily violate the SEC.
“4. cosmological steady-state theories of Bondi and Gold (1948) and Hoyle (1948) 72 [necessarily]”
From A Primer on Energy Conditions (2017) · cites this paper as Bondi and Gold 1948
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Mach, E. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107338401 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [4]Eddington, A. S., Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 133, 605, 1931; M.N., 92, 3, 1932.
- [6]Walker, A. G., Proc. Lond. Math, Soc., Series 2, 42, 90, 1936.
- [7]de Sitter, W., Proc. Akad. Wetensch. Amst., 19, 1217, 1917.
- [13]Hubble, E., Ap. F., 84, 517, -1936. Shapley, H., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 24, 148, 1938 Shapley, H. and Ames, A., Ann. Harv. Coll. Obs., 88, No. 2, 1932. The treatmen given here is adapted from McVittie, G. C., Proc. Phys. Soc., 51, 529, 1939.
- [16]Cf. Hubble, E., The Realm of the Nebulae, Oxford, 1936, p. 189.
- [18]Hoyle, F., M.N., 108, No. 5, 1948 (in press).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Goldwirth, D. S., & Piran, T. (1992) · Physics Reports · doi:10.1016/0370-1573(92)90073-9 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Curiel, E. (2017) · Einstein Studies · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3210-8_3 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Steady state eternal inflation
Aguirre, A., & Gratton, S. (2002) · Physical Review D · doi:10.1103/physrevd.65.083507 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
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Turok, N. (2002) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/19/13/305 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The Return of the God Hypothesis
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- Authors
- Bondi, H., & Gold, T.
- ORCID
- Gold, T.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1948-06-01
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 252-270
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W1987901103
- Cited by
- 666
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 44 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 22.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Relativity and Gravitational Theory
- Keywords
- steady-state theory, cosmic expansion, cosmological principle, local thermodynamics
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