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First-order phase transition of a vacuum and the expansion of the Universe
Open accessAbstract
The progress of a first-order phase transition of a vacuum in the expanding Universe is investigated. The expansion of bubbles of a stable vacuum is calculated simultaneously with the cosmic expansion with the aid of the following two simplified nucleation rates of bubbles p: (i) p = pT Tcδ (T−Tc) in the hot Universe models, (ii) p = 0 for n > nc and p = pQ for n < nc in the cold Universe models, where T is the cosmic temperature, Tc the critical temperature, n the cosmic number density of the fermions coupled to the order parameter of the vacuum, nc the critical density, and pT and pQ are parameters. The following results are obtained: (1) If the nucleation rates are small and the vacuum stays at the metastable state for a long time, the Universe begins to expand exponentially. As a result, the progress of the phase transition is delayed more and more by the rapid cosmic expansion. In particular, in model (i), if pT is less than a critical value, the phase transition never finishes. (2) The lower limits of the nucleation parameter pT and pQ are obtained from observation of the number ratio of photons to baryons in the present Universe. (3) If the phase transition of the vacuum in SU(5) GUT is of first order or if there exists a hypothetical first-order phase transition of the vacuum in the very early stage in which baryon number is not conserved, the density and the velocity fluctuations created by the phase transition may account for the origin of galaxies.
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“However, our universe, created by a single inflation event, likely includes more than 10100 Sun-like stars.”
From Emergence of life in an inflationary universe (2020) · cites this paper as [38]
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Kolb, E. W. & Wolfram, S., 1979. Preprint OAP-579.
- Press, W. H. & Vishniac, E. T., 1980. Harvard Univ. Preprint-1232.
- Weinberg, S., 1972. Gravitation and Cosmology, Wiley, New York.
- Weinberg, S., 1979. Lecture in the Symposium on the Universe at Large Redshift, Copenhagen, June.
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“Motivation and Background During the period of cosmic inflation (Starobinskǐi 1979; Starobinsky 1982; Guth 1981; Sato 1981; Linde 1982; Albrecht & Steinhardt 1982), quantum fluctuations were generated and became the seeds for the cosmic structures that we observe today (Mukhanov & Chibisov 1981;…”
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“…theory of inflation, the idea that the universe underwent a brief period of rapid accelerated expansion (Starobinsky 1979; Starobinsky 1982; Kazanas 1980; Guth 1981; Sato 1981; Linde 1982; Albrecht & Steinhardt 1982), has become an indispensable building block of the standard model of our universe.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sato, K.
- Affiliations
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Sato, K.
- ORCID
- Sato, K.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1981-07-01
- Volume
- 195
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 467-479
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2118084428
- Semantic Scholar
- 4996c653cfb125af342b7f3f7a40e15311999ba7
- Cited by
- 1,792
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 101 · 2024: 102 · 2023: 91 · 2022: 110 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 91 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 94 · 2017: 86 · 2016: 92 · 2015: 94 · 2014: 93 · 2013: 53 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 12.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Particle physics theoretical and experimental studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- first-order phase transition, vacuum phase transition, bubble nucleation, cosmic expansion, metastable vacuum, nucleation rate, critical temperature, SU(5) grand unification, baryon number violation, density fluctuations, galaxy formation, early universe
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