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Understanding the kinematics of Galactic Centre gas
Open accessAbstract
A coherent picture is constructed of the Galaxy’s H I, CO and CS emissions in the region |$|l|\le10^\circ,\enspace |b|\le0.5^\circ$|. The flow of gas at the Galactic Centre is dominated by a bar that has corotation at r= 2.4 ± 0.5 kpc, which we view at an angle of |$\theta_\text {incl}=16\pm2^\circ$| from its major axis. The first CO emission arises where gas is obliged to switch from x1 orbits to x2 orbits in the notation of Contopoulos. This gives rise to a shock and a clear signature in the (l, v) diagram. The great Galactic Centre molecular clouds such as Sgr B are on x2 orbits. From the structure of the H I terminal velocity envelope we deduce that the central mass density scales as |$\rho \propto r^{-1.75}$| out to at least ∼ 1.2 kpc along the bar’s major axis. Consequently the circular velocity curve is rising significantly through the radius range where naive analysis of the tangent velocity leads to a falling rotation curve. The great ring of molecular material at |$r \simeq 3.5$| kpc is probably associated with the bar’s outer Lindblad resonance, and the region of low gas densities inwards from there with corotation.
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“While an intersecting set of orbits can remain stable in a collisionless system, the gas undergoes a shock at the intersection and loses angular momentum. The gas then flows towards the center and finally settles into a ring-like structure closely following the x 2 orbits and thus forming the CMZ-like rings in galaxies (Binney et al. 1991; Athanassoula 1992; Sormani et al. 2015).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Binney et al. 1991
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- Athanassola, E., 1988. In: Proceedings of the Joint VarennaAbastumani International School & Workshop on Plasma Physics, ESA SP-285, vol. I, p. 341, eds Guyenne, T. D. & Hunt, J. J., ESA, Paris.
- Blitz, L. & Spergel, D. N., 1991b. Preprint.
- Matsumoto, T., Hayakawa, S., Koizumi, H., Murakami, H., Uyama, K., Yamagami, T. & Thomas, J. A., 1982. In: The Galactic Center, AIP Conf. No. 83, p. 48, eds Riegler, G. R. & Blandford, R. D., American Institute of Physics, New York.
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BackgroundDetection of Another Molecular Bubble in the Galactic Center
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialRadial Velocities of M Giants at 300 PC Projected Radius from the Galactic Center
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Self-citationTHE CONNECTING MOLECULAR RIDGE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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BackgroundKalda, T., Green, G. M., & Ghosh, S. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae011 · Cited by 7
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BackgroundSelf-consistent modelling of the Milky Way structure using live potentials
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BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationProbing Non-Axisymmetry with Proper Motions
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“Sgr B2 is located at the Eastern end of the CMZ (de Pree et al. 1995), at the intersection between the so-called x1 and x2 orbits of the inner Galaxy, which are produced by the gravitational effects of the Galactic bar (Binney et al. 1991).”
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Schmidt, E. O., Mast, D., Gaspar, G., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1531 · Cited by 2
3D MC. II. X-Ray Echoes Reveal a Clumpy Molecular Cloud in the CMZ
Alboslani, D., Battersby, C., Brunker, S. W., Clavel, M., Lipman, D., & Walker, D. L. (2025) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adbaf3 · Cited by 1
Kundt, W. (1996) · Lecture notes in physics · doi:10.1007/bfb0102617 · Cited by 2
Comparison with External Galaxies Dynamics
Combes, F. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_17 · Cited by 2
Genzel, R., Eckart, A., & Krabbe, A. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb17515.x · Cited by 2
Physical conditions and molecular chemistry of the Central Molecular Zone
Rodríguez-Fernández, N. J. (2006) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/54/1/006 · Cited by 2
High-resolutionHi Absorption Observations towards the Central 200 pc of the Galaxy
Lang, C., Cyganowski, C. J., Goss, W. M., et al. (2003) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200385065 · Cited by 2
Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System
Binney, J. J., Freeman, K. C., Blitz, L., Bloemen, H., Fridman, A. M., Genzel, R., Kalnajs, A. J., Matteucci, F., Morris, M., Palouš, J., et al. (1997) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5762-9_34 · Cited by 2
Self-citationLopsided gas discs arising from mass inflow in barred spiral galaxies
Dupuy, J. L., Heitsch, F., & Cecil, G. N. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz975 · Cited by 2
The central Parsec of the Milky Way: Star formation and central dark mass
Genzel, R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/bfb0101977 · Cited by 2
Spectroscopic and light curve characterization of bulge microlensing events
Soto, M., Minniti, D., & Rejkuba, M. (2007) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20066211 · Cited by 2
Dynamics of the Galactic Spheroid
de Zeeuw, P. T. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2434-8_7 · Cited by 2
The Origin of Noncircular Gas Motions in the Galactic Center
Uchida, K. I., Morris, M., & Bally, J. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5_12 · Cited by 2
Self-citationObservations and Modelling of Gas Dynamics in External Galaxies
Combes, F. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5_7 · Cited by 2
General Surveys of the Bulge in the Infrared
Glass, I. S. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0922-2_2 · Cited by 2
King, I. R. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0922-2_1 · Cited by 2
A High-Resolution CO Mapping of the Nucleus of the Barred-Spiral Galaxy, M83
Handa, T., Ishizuki, S., & Kawabe, R. (1994) · International Astronomical Union Colloquium · doi:10.1017/s0252921100019904 · Cited by 2
3D Barred Model of the Milky Way Including Gas
Fux, R., & Friedli, D. (1996) · International Astronomical Union Colloquium · doi:10.1017/s0252921100050375 · Cited by 2
“Part of it can be explained by the signature of bar elongated x1 or anti-bar x2 periodic orbits (Binney et al. 1991) or by more sophisticated gas flow modeling (Mulder & Liem 1986; Jenkins & Binney 1994) in a fixed bar potential.”
BackgroundComparison with External Galaxies Dynamics
Combes, F. (1996) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900229616 · Cited by 2
Long-period variables and carbon stars in the Galactic Bulge
Whitelock, P. A. (1993) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900123101 · Cited by 2
Ring or No Ring—Revisiting the Multiphase Nuclear Environment in M31
Li, Z., Su, Z., Wang, S., Zhou, Y. F., Li, Z., Lyu, X., Meng, F., Zhang, K., Li, D., Tsai, C., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc103 · Cited by 1
“…structure of predominantly dense molecular gas occupying the inner few hundred parsecs of our Milky Way, maybe the trace of a nuclear ring (Binney et al. 1991; Sormani et al. 2015), although alternative geometry is also proposed, such as a two-armed nuclear spiral (Ridley et al. 2017) or…”
Discovery of a Giant Molecular Cloud at the Midpoint of the Galactic Bar Dust Lanes: M4.7–0.8
Butterfield, N., Morgan, L. K., Barnes, A. T., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc687 · Cited by 1
“The Milky Way has long been known to contain a bar (e.g., de Vaucouleurs 1964; Binney et al. 1991), making it likely to host dust lanes similar to those observed in other barred galaxies.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Binney, J., Gerhard, O. E., Stark, A. A., Bally, J., & Uchida, K. I.
- Affiliations
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-09-15
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-218
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2007725308
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 24.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, gas kinematics, bars, corotation, shock, circular velocity curves, outer Lindblad resonance, carbon monoxide emissions, CS emission
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