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Understanding the kinematics of Galactic Centre gas
Open accessAbstract
A coherent picture is constructed of the Galaxy’s H I, CO and CS emissions in the region |$|l|\le10^\circ,\enspace |b|\le0.5^\circ$|. The flow of gas at the Galactic Centre is dominated by a bar that has corotation at r= 2.4 ± 0.5 kpc, which we view at an angle of |$\theta_\text {incl}=16\pm2^\circ$| from its major axis. The first CO emission arises where gas is obliged to switch from x1 orbits to x2 orbits in the notation of Contopoulos. This gives rise to a shock and a clear signature in the (l, v) diagram. The great Galactic Centre molecular clouds such as Sgr B are on x2 orbits. From the structure of the H I terminal velocity envelope we deduce that the central mass density scales as |$\rho \propto r^{-1.75}$| out to at least ∼ 1.2 kpc along the bar’s major axis. Consequently the circular velocity curve is rising significantly through the radius range where naive analysis of the tangent velocity leads to a falling rotation curve. The great ring of molecular material at |$r \simeq 3.5$| kpc is probably associated with the bar’s outer Lindblad resonance, and the region of low gas densities inwards from there with corotation.
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“While an intersecting set of orbits can remain stable in a collisionless system, the gas undergoes a shock at the intersection and loses angular momentum. The gas then flows towards the center and finally settles into a ring-like structure closely following the x 2 orbits and thus forming the CMZ-like rings in galaxies (Binney et al. 1991; Athanassoula 1992; Sormani et al. 2015).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Binney et al. 1991
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- Athanassola, E., 1988. In: Proceedings of the Joint VarennaAbastumani International School & Workshop on Plasma Physics, ESA SP-285, vol. I, p. 341, eds Guyenne, T. D. & Hunt, J. J., ESA, Paris.
- Blitz, L. & Spergel, D. N., 1991b. Preprint.
- Matsumoto, T., Hayakawa, S., Koizumi, H., Murakami, H., Uyama, K., Yamagami, T. & Thomas, J. A., 1982. In: The Galactic Center, AIP Conf. No. 83, p. 48, eds Riegler, G. R. & Blandford, R. D., American Institute of Physics, New York.
Cited by
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Items 601–621 of 621
M Giant Kinematics in Off-axis Fields between 150 and 300 PC from the Galactic Center
Blum, R., Carr, J. S., Sellgren, K., et al. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_14
The stellar population of the inner 200 parsecs
Rich, R. M. (1993) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900123186
King, I. R. (1993) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900123083
Probing Non-Axisymmetry with Proper Motions
Binney, J. J. (1995) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900228131
Self-citationChemical Evolution of the Galactic Disk and Bulge
Wyse, R. F. Ġ. (1995) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900108502
Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
Sasaki, M., Ponti, G., & Mackey, J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-4544-0_91-1
Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
Sasaki, M., Ponti, G., & Mackey, J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6960-7_91
Disrupted Wide Binaries as Dynamical Probes of Galactic Structure
Yavetz, T. D. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adaeac
“The first aims to directly study characteristics of the bar, such as its pattern speed and its length, through either gas or stellar kinematics (Peters 1975; Blitz & Spergel 1991; Binney et al. 1991; Sanders et al. 2019; Bovy et al. 2019; Horta et al. 2024).”
Insights into the structure and kinematics of a Milky Way-like galaxy
Durán-Camacho, E., & Duarte-Cabral, A. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202558565
How Is Cold Gas Loaded into Galactic Nuclear Outflows?
Su, Y., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Sun, Y., Zhang, S., Du, F., Zhou, X., YAN, Q.-Z., & Chen, X. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae2ea1
“These discoveries attracted limited attention until seminal studies in the 1990s began integrating gas dynamics into models that included a central bar potential in the inner Galaxy (e.g., L. Blitz & D. N. Spergel 1991; J. Binney et al. 1991).”
How Ought One Parameterize the Milky Way?
Schechter, P. L. (1996) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1687-6_108
Xia, T.-Y., Shen, J., Magorrian, J., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4023
“Numerous studies have explored the structure and evolution of orbital families in rotating bar potentials, as barred spiral galaxies account for nearly two-thirds of all spiral galaxies, including our Milky Way ( J. Binney et al. 1991; J. Shen et al. 2010; J. Shen & X.-W. Zheng 2020 ) .”
Bar Formation during a Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus-like Merger Event
Chen, B.-H., Shen, J., & Matteo, P. D. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae47e6
“As a typical disk galaxy, the Milky Way (MW) is known to host a bar structure (O. E. Gerhard & M. Vietri 1986; J. Binney et al. 1991; J. Shen et al. 2010; M. Ness & D. Lang 2016; M. Portail et al. 2017).”
Star formation across cosmic time and its influence on galactic dynamics
Freundlich, J. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d2e78c37zccddz488fz8bb3zcb057f1efb55
Reconciling 3D Models for the Central 10 pc of the Milky Way
Mills, E. A. C., Butterfield, N., Liu, H. B., Lipman, D., Ginsburg, A. G., Sormani, M. C., Henshaw, J. D., Battersby, C., Barnes, A. T., Glover, S. C. O., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4d3a
Lipman, D., Battersby, C., Walker, D. L., Clavel, M., DuBois, B. L., Ginsburg, A. G., Henshaw, J. D., Klessen, R. S., Mills, E. A. C., Nogueras-Lara, F., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae561f · Cited by 2
“However, a family of elliptical x 2 orbits, similar to those presented in J. Binney et al. ( 1991 ) , can fit the average observed gas distribution quite well, as seen by the KDL and our closed ellipse models.”
Class I CH 3 OH maser emission from bar-driven inflow colliding with the central molecular zone
Veena, V. S., Kim, W.-J., Schilke, P., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Henkel, C., Viti, S., Esplugues, G. B., Wyrowski, F., Banda-Barragán, W. E., Sormani, M. C., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202660181
Simulating winds in the Galactic centre
Peschken, N., Teodoro, E. M. D., Hanasz, M., Armillotta, L., Tress, R., Naab, T., Wóltański, D., & Gawryszczak, A. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659639
Miller, N., Joyce, M., Johnson, C. I., Tayar, J., Trueman, T. C. L., & Rich, R. M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae76f7
“Today, we see that the Galactic bar, and the interactions between the bar and the disk, funnel stars and gas from the disk into the bulge (Binney et al. 1991; Bissantz & Gerhard 2002; L´opez-Corredoira et al. 2005).”
Baba, J., & Hattori, K. (2026) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psag098
Metadata
- Authors
- Binney, J., Gerhard, O. E., Stark, A. A., Bally, J., & Uchida, K. I.
- Affiliations
- AT&T (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1991-09-15
- Volume
- 252
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 210-218
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2007725308
- Cited by
- 619
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 31 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 24.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, gas kinematics, bars, corotation, shock, circular velocity curves, outer Lindblad resonance, carbon monoxide emissions, CS emission
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