The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background
Open accessAbstract
We searched for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array, a global collaboration synthesizing decadal-length pulsar-timing campaigns in North America, Europe, and Australia. In our reference search for a power-law strain spectrum of the form $h_c = A(f/1\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1})^{\alpha }$, we found strong evidence for a spectrally similar low-frequency stochastic process of amplitude $A = 3.8^{+6.3}_{-2.5}\times 10^{-15}$ and spectral index α = −0.5 ± 0.5, where the uncertainties represent 95 per cent credible regions, using information from the auto- and cross-correlation terms between the pulsars in the array. For a spectral index of α = −2/3, as expected from a population of inspiralling supermassive black hole binaries, the recovered amplitude is $A = 2.8^{+1.2}_{-0.8}\times 10^{-15}$. None the less, no significant evidence of the Hellings–Downs correlations that would indicate a gravitational-wave origin was found. We also analysed the constituent data from the individual pulsar timing arrays in a consistent way, and clearly demonstrate that the combined international data set is more sensitive. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this combined data set produces comparable constraints to recent single-array data sets which have more data than the constituent parts of the combination. Future international data releases will deliver increased sensitivity to gravitational wave radiation, and significantly increase the detection probability.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Introduction to the Bootstrap
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1994) · doi:10.1201/9780429246593 · Cited by 40,500
Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., et al. (2019) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.9.031040 · Cited by 3,518
Self-citationAbbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., Adams, A., Adams, C., Adhikari, R. X., Adya, V. B., Affeldt, C., et al. (2021) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.021053 · Cited by 2,236
Self-citationUpper limits on the isotropic gravitational radiation background from pulsar timing analysis
Hellings, R. W., & Downs, G. S. (1983) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/183954 · Cited by 1,027
Bayesian Model Choice Via Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods
Carlin, B. P., & Chib, S. (1995) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02042.x · Cited by 989
The NANOGrav 12.5 yr Data Set: Search for an Isotropic Stochastic Gravitational-wave Background
Arzoumanian, Z., Baker, P. T., Blumer, H., Bécsy, B., Brazier, A., Brook, P. R., Burke-Spolaor, S., Chatterjee, S., Chen, S., Cordes, J. M., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abd401 · Cited by 744
Self-citationPulsar timing measurements and the search for gravitational waves
Detweiler, S. (1979) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/157593 · Cited by 736
The International Pulsar Timing Array project: using pulsars as a gravitational wave detector
Hobbs, G., Archibald, A., Arzoumanian, Z., Backer, D., Bailes, M., Bhat, N. D. R., Burgay, M., Burke-Spolaor, S., Champion, D., Cognard, I., et al. (2010) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/27/8/084013 · Cited by 690
Self-citationHigh-precision timing of millisecond pulsars. 3: Long-term monitoring of PSRs B1855+09 and B1937+21
Kaspi, V. M., Taylor, J. H., & Ryba, M. F. (1994) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/174280 · Cited by 595
Constructing a pulsar timing array
Foster, R. S., & Backer, D. C. (1990) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/169195 · Cited by 538
Cited by
Search for an Isotropic Gravitational-wave Background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array
Reardon, D. J., Zic, A., Shannon, R. M., Hobbs, G. B., Bailes, M., Di Marco, V., Kapur, A., Rogers, A. F., Thrane, E., Askew, J., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acdd02 · Cited by 1,159
Self-citationXu, H., Chen, S., Guo, Y., Jiang, J., Wang, B., Xu, J., Xue, Z., Nicolas Caballero, R., Yuan, J., Xu, Y., et al. (2023) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acdfa5 · Cited by 1,119
Self-citationEPTA Collaboration and InPTA Collaboration:, Antoniadis, J., Arumugam, P., Arumugam, S., Babak, S., Bagchi, M., Bak Nielsen, A.-S., Bassa, C. G., Bathula, A., Berthereau, A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy & Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346844 · Cited by 1,044
Self-citationDi Valentino, E., Said, J. L., Riess, A., Pollo, A., Poulin, V., Gómez-Valent, A., Weltman, A., Palmese, A., Huang, C. D., Bruck, C. V. D., et al. (2025) · Physics of the Dark Universe · doi:10.1016/j.dark.2025.101965 · Cited by 319
Abdalla, E., Abellán, G. F., Aboubrahim, A., Agnello, A., Akarsu, Ö., Akrami, Y., Alestas, G., Aloni, D., Amendola, L., Anchordoqui, L. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002 · Cited by 37
Metadata
- Authors
- Antoniadis, J., Arzoumanian, Z., Babak, S., Bailes, M., Bak Nielsen, A.-S., Baker, P. T., Bassa, C. G., Bécsy, B., Berthereau, A., Bonetti, M., Brazier, A., Brook, P. R., Burgay, M., Burke-Spolaor, S., Caballero, R. N., Casey-Clyde, J. A., Chalumeau, A., Champion, D. J., Charisi, M., Chatterjee, S., Chen, S., Cognard, I., Cordes, J. M., Cornish, N. J., Crawford, F., Cromartie, H. T., Crowter, K., Dai, S., DeCesar, M. E., Demorest, P. B., Desvignes, G., Dolch, T., Drachler, B., Falxa, M., Ferrara, E. C., Fiore, W., Fonseca, E., Gair, J. R., Garver-Daniels, N., Goncharov, B., Good, D. C., Graikou, E., Guillemot, L., Guo, Y. J., Hazboun, J. S., Hobbs, G., Hu, H., Islo, K., Janssen, G. H., Jennings, R. J., Johnson, A. D., Jones, M. L., Kaiser, A. R., Kaplan, D. L., Karuppusamy, R., Keith, M. J., Kelley, L. Z., Kerr, M., Key, J. S., Kramer, M., Lam, M. T., Lamb, W. G., Lazio, T. J. W., Lee, K. J., Lentati, L., Liu, K., Luo, J., Lynch, R. S., Lyne, A. G., Madison, D. R., Main, R. A., Manchester, R. N., McEwen, A., McKee, J. W., McLaughlin, M. A., Mickaliger, M. B., Mingarelli, C. M. F., Ng, C., Nice, D. J., Osłowski, S., Parthasarathy, A., Pennucci, T. T., Perera, B. B. P., Perrodin, D., Petiteau, A., Pol, N. S., Porayko, N. K., Possenti, A., Ransom, S. M., Ray, P. S., Reardon, D. J., Russell, C. J., Samajdar, A., Sampson, L. M., Sanidas, S., Sarkissian, J. M., Schmitz, K., Schult, L., Sesana, A., Shaifullah, G., Shannon, R. M., Shapiro-Albert, B. J., Siemens, X., Simon, J., Smith, T. L., Speri, L., Spiewak, R., Stairs, I. H., Stappers, B. W., Stinebring, D. R., Swiggum, J. K., Taylor, S. R., Theureau, G., Tiburzi, C., Vallisneri, M., van der Wateren, E., Vecchio, A., Verbiest, J. P. W., Vigeland, S. J., Wahl, H., Wang, J. B., Wang, J., Wang, L., Witt, C. A., Zhang, S., & Zhu, X. J.
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2022-01-19
- Volume
- 510
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 4873-4887
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W4213112027
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 61
- FWCI
- 32.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/mnras/stab3418
- The paper
- Antoniadis, J., Arzoumanian, Z., Babak, S., Bailes, M., Bak Nielsen, A.-S., Baker, P. T., Bassa, C. G., Bécsy, B., Berthereau, A., Bonetti, M., Brazier, A., Brook, P. R., Burgay, M., Burke-Spolaor, S., Caballero, R. N., Casey-Clyde, J. A., Chalumeau, A., Champion, D. J., Charisi, M., . . . Zhu, X. J. (2022). The International Pulsar Timing Array second data release: Search for an isotropic gravitational wave background. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3418
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
