Wavelength-dependent PSFs and their impact on weak lensing measurements
Open accessAbstract
We measure and model the wavelength dependence of the point spread function (PSF) in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program survey. We find that PSF chromaticity is present in the redder stars that appear smaller than bluer stars in the g, r, and i bands at the 1–2 per cent level and in the |$z$| and y bands at the 0.1–0.2 per cent level. From the color dependence of the PSF, we fit a model between the monochromatic PSF size based on weighted second moments, R, and wavelength of the form R(λ) ∝ λ−b. We find values of b between 0.2 and 0.5, depending on the epoch and filter. This is consistent with the expectations of a turbulent atmosphere with an outer scale length of ∼10 − 100 m, indicating that the atmosphere is dominating the chromaticity. In the best seeing data, we find that the optical system and detector also contribute some wavelength dependence. Meyers & Burchat showed that b must be measured to an accuracy of ∼0.02 not to dominate the systematic error budget of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) weak lensing (WL) survey. Using simple image simulations, we find that b can be inferred with this accuracy in the r and i-bands for all positions in the LSST focal plane, assuming a stellar density of 1 star arcmin−2and that the optical component of the PSF can be accurately modeled. Therefore, it is possible to correct for most, if not all, of the bias that the wavelength-dependent PSF will introduce into an LSST-like WL survey.
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The effects of atmospheric dispersion on weak lensing studies are mitigated by modeling the point-spread function as a function of the color of the object.
“The effects of atmospheric dispersion on WL studies are mitigated by modeling the PSF as a function of the color of the object ( for more details, see Meyers & Burchat 2015; Carlsten et al. 2018 ) .”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Carlsten et al. 2018
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Eriksen, M., & Hoekstra, H. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty830 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cosmic shear requirements on the wavelength dependence of telescope point spread functions
Cypriano, E. S., Amara, A., Voigt, L. M., Bridle, S., Abdalla, F. B., Refregier, A. R., Seiffert, M., & Rhodes, J. (2010) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16461.x · Cited by 18 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cypriano et al. (2010) first discussed the issue of PSF chromaticity and explored how the effective PSF for a galaxy was different than that for a star in a diffraction-limited telescope.”
BackgroundStatistics of turbulence parameters at Maunakea using the multiple wavefront sensor data of RAVEN
Ono, Y. H., Correia, C. M., Andersen, D. R., Lardière, O., Oya, S., Akiyama, M., Jackson, K. J., & Bradley, C. H. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3083 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Chromatic CCD effects on weak lensing measurements for LSST
Meyers, J. M., & Burchat, P. R. (2015) · Journal of Instrumentation · doi:10.1088/1748-0221/10/06/c06004 · Cited by 8 · cited 10× · see citing works
“Meyers & Burchat (2015b) showed that a PSF wavelength dependence of λ−0.2, if unmodeled, would interfere with weak lensing science since galaxies will have smaller effective PSFs than the bulk of the stars used to model the PSF.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMultiwavelength active-optics Shack-Hartmann sensor for monitoring seeing and turbulence outer scale
Martinez, P. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424476 · Cited by 6 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This equation has been validated in more recent works (Martinez et al. 2010; Martinez 2014).”
ResultOya, S., Terada, H., Hayano, Y., Watanabe, M., Hattori, M., & Minowa, Y. (2016) · Experimental Astronomy · doi:10.1007/s10686-016-9501-6 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The ‘von Kármán’ turbulence model (von Kármán 1948) imposes an outer scale beyond which the wavefront structure function flattens and is a better fit to observational data (e.g., Oya et al. 2016; McKechnie 2016), as we demonstrate in this paper.”
BackgroundGeneral Theory of Light Propagation and Imaging Through the Atmosphere
McKechnie, T. S. (2022) · Progress in optical science and photonics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98828-9 · Cited by 4 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Defining ξ ≡ z′− z and Bn as the 3-dimensional covariance function of n, we can switch the order of integration and, assuming that n varies slowly with z (Hufnagel & Stanley 1964; McKechnie 2016), we find: Bφ(~ζ) = 2k 2 ∫ δh 0 dξ ∫ h+δh−ξ h dzBn(~ζ, ξ) (A9) We’ve assumed above that the thickness of the layer, δh, is l…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWeak lensing for precision cosmologyPreprint
Mandelbaum, R. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1710.03235 · cited 1×
“Mismodeling the PSF ellipticity can result in an additive bias whose amplitude depends on the spatial correlations of the ellipticity errors (for a recent review of WL systematics, see Mandelbaum 2017).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Coulton W. R., Armstrong R., Smith K. M., Lupton R. H., Spergel D. N., 2017, preprint, (arXiv:1711.06273) · arXiv
- Eriksen M., Hoekstra H., 2017, preprint, (arXiv:1707.04334) · arXiv
- Hufnagel R. E., Stanley N. R., 1964, Journal of the Optical Soci- ety of America (1917-1983), 54, 52
- Lupton R., Gunn J. E., Ivezić Z., Knapp G. R., Kent S., 2001, in Harnden Jr. F. R., Primini F. A., Payne H. E., eds, As- tronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series Vol. 238, Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems X. p. 269 (arXiv:astro-ph/0101420) · arXiv
Cited by
Sorted by citations
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products
Ivezić, Ž., Kahn, S. M., Tyson, J. A., Abel, B., Acosta, E., Allsman, R., Alonso, D., AlSayyad, Y., Anderson, S. F., Andrew, J., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c · Cited by 4,357 · see citing works
Self-citationDark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Photometric Data Set for Cosmology
Sevilla-Noarbe, I., Bechtol, K., Kind, M. C., Rosell, A. C., Becker, M. R., Drlica-Wagner, A., Gruendl, R. A., Rykoff, E. S., Sheldon, E. S., Yanny, B., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abeb66 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“…corrections for precision photometry, we note that per-object SED templates could be used for other data processing steps that are sensitive to chromatic effects, such as PSF modeling and differential chromatic refraction (Meyers & Burchat 2015; Eriksen & Hoekstra 2018; Carlsten et al. 2018).”
KiDS-1000 catalogue: Weak gravitational lensing shear measurements
Giblin, B., Heymans, C., Asgari, M., Hildebrandt, H., Hoekstra, H., Joachimi, B., Kannawadi, A., Kuijken, K. H., Lin, C.-A., Miller, L., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038850 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
KiDS-1000 catalogue: Weak gravitational lensing shear measurements
Giblin, B., Heymans, C., Asgari, M., Hildebrandt, H., Hoekstra, H., Joachimi, B., Kannawadi, A., Kuijken, K. H., Lin, C.-A., Miller, L., et al. (2020) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038850/pdf · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Luminosity Functions and Host-to-host Scatter of Dwarf Satellite Systems in the Local Volume
Carlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Peter, A. H. G., Beaton, R. L., & Greco, J. P. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abd039 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationCarlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Beaton, R. L., & Greco, J. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac457e · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“We perform the artificial star injection in both bands but only do the star–galaxy separation in the redder band (either r or i) since the PSF is, on average, smaller at longer wavelengths (e.g., Carlsten et al. 2018).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Sizes of Quasar Host Galaxies in the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program
Li, J., Silverman, J. D., Ding, X., Strauss, M. A., Goulding, A., Birrer, S., Yesuf, H. M., Xue, Y., Kawinwanichakij, L., Matsuoka, Y., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac06a8 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationSilverman, J. D., Tang, S., Lee, K., Hartwig, T., Goulding, A. D., Strauss, M. A., Schramm, M., Ding, X., Riffel, R. A., Fujimoto, S., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba4a3 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Carlsten et al. (2018) presents a detailed analysis of the wavelength dependence of the PSF models.”
BackgroundSelf-citationCarlsten, S. G., Beaton, R. L., Greco, J. P., & Greene, J. E. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab22c1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…for measuring SBF, as it is a middle ground between the competing factors that SBF is brighter and seeing is generally better for redder passbands (e.g., Jensen et al. 2003; Carlsten et al. 2018), whereas the instrumental efficiency and the sky foreground become limiting factors in the infrared.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEifler, T. F., Simet, M., Krause, E., Hirata, C. M., Huang, H.-J., Fang, X., Miranda, V., Mandelbaum, R., Doux, C., Heinrich, C., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab533 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Liaudat, T. I., Starck, J., & Kilbinger, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2023.1158213 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“This simulator has proved helpful in several studies (Walter, 2015; Xin et al., 2015; Beamer et al., 2015; Carlsten et al., 2018; Xin et al., 2018; Burke et al., 2019; Sánchez et al., 2020; Nie et al., 2021b; Euclid Collaboration, 2023b; Euclid Collaboration, 2023c; Merz et al., 2023).”
Potential scientific synergies in weak lensing studies between the CSST andEuclidspace probes
Liu, D., Meng, X. M., Er, X., Fan, Z., Kilbinger, M., Li, G. L., Li, R., Schrabback, T., Scognamiglio, D., Shan, H., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243978 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Mitigating the effects of undersampling in weak lensing shear estimation with metacalibration
Kannawadi, A., Rosenberg, E., & Hoekstra, H. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab211 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…as the presence of colour gradients in galaxy profiles due to wavelength dependence of a diffraction limited PSF (Voigt et al. 2012; Semboloni et al. 2013; Carlsten et al. 2018; Er et al. 2018) and blending of galaxies (Dawson et al. 2016; Hoekstra et al. 2017; Euclid Collaboration et al. 2019).”
BackgroundMorphological Star–Galaxy Separation
Slater, C. T., Ivezić, Ž., & Lupton, R. H. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab6166 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationBerlfein, F., Mandelbaum, R., Li, X., Zhang, T., Dodelson, S., & Markovic, K. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1255 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, J., Acevedo, M., Sako, M., Vincenzi, M., Brout, D., Sánchez, B., Chen, R. C., Davis, T. M., Jarvis, M., Scolnic, D. M., et al. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acca15 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“While these effects have not yet been incorporated into any published work, the DES Y6 weak-lensing analysis will include λ-dependent effects in the PSF, and weaklensing analysis in LSST is projected to be affected substantially (Carlsten et al. 2018).”
BackgroundLiu, Q., Er, X., Wei, C., Liu, D., Li, G., Fan, Z., Li, X., Ban, Z., & Yue, D. (2023) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acd589 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-consistent Atmosphere Representation and Interaction in Photon Monte Carlo Simulations
Peterson, J. R., Sembroski, G., Dutta, A., & Remocaldo, C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad23cb · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…et al. 2023; Merlin et al. 2023 ) , ( 3 ) for advanced image processing algorithm development ( e.g., Meyers & Burchat 2015; Li et al. 2016; Carlsten et al. 2018; Nie et al. 2021a, 2021b ) , ( 4 ) to understand physical effects ( Beamer et al. 2015; Xin et al. 2018; Walter 2015 ) , and ( 5…”
Using AI for Wave-front Estimation with the Rubin Observatory Active Optics System
Crenshaw, J. F., Connolly, A. J., Meyers, J. M., Kalmbach, J. B., Homar, G. M., Ribeiro, T., Suberlak, K. L., Thomas, S. J., & Tsai, T.-W. (2024) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad1661 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAstrometric Redshifts of Supernovae
Lee, J., Sako, M., Kessler, R., & Malz, A. I. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad85d9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nagele, C., Silverman, J. D., Hartwig, T., Li, J., Bottrell, C., Ding, X., & Toba, Y. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbd4a · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The model components include an unresolved point source to characterize the quasar emission based on an empirical model of the PSF, determined by using ∼ 70 nearby stars detected on the same CCD as the quasar (Coulton et al. 2018; Carlsten et al. 2018).”
MethodEuclid weak lensing : PSF field estimation
Schmitz, M. A. (2019) · doi:10.70675/d55c27f2z11f3z406czb6cbz02c25c6f4cc1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Carlsten, S. G., Greene, J. E., Beaton, R. L., Danieli, S., & Greco, J. P. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6fd7
“The reddest band we have (r or i) is modeled, as SBF is brighter and seeing is generally better for redder passbands (e.g., Jensen et al. 2003; Carlsten et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIvezić, Ž. (2016) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44697
Large Synoptic Survey Telescope Town Hall
Willman, B. (2016) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44768
The Lsst Data Processing Software Stack
Jenness, T. (2016) · American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #227 · doi:10.5281/zenodo.44634
Surface Interactions in Photon Monte Carlo Simulations
Peterson, J. R., Valls-Gabaud, D., Dutta, A., Kim, C., & Sembroski, G. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae30e0
“PhoSim has also been used for advanced algorithm development ( J. E. Meyers & P. R. Burc-hat 2015; B. Li et al. 2016; S. G. Carlsten et al. 2018; L. Nie et al. 2021a, 2021b ) including studies to understand physical effects from complex physics ( B. Beamer et al. 2015; C. Walter 2015 ) .”
A Practical Method for Improving an Asteroid’s Astrometric Measurement
Jiang, Y., Peng, Q. Y., Li, F., Wang, X., Lü, X., Fang, X., & Chen, J. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4d36
“Furthermore, the size and shape of the PSF are affected by DCR. A. A. Plazas & G. Bernstein ( 2012 ) and S. G. Carlsten et al. ( 2018 ) evaluated the impact of DCR on the second-order moments of the PSF, demonstrating that the resulting elongation introduces systematic biases into weak lensing…”
- Authors
- Carlsten, S. G., Strauss, M. A., Lupton, R. H., Meyers, J. E., & Miyazaki, S.
- Affiliations
- Princeton University (US)
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Carlsten, S G
- Venue
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-06-21
- Volume
- 479
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1491-1504
- ISSN
- 0035-8711 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2966
- OpenAlex
- W2797116600
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1238877)
- Smithsonian Institution
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AR22G, AST-1238877)
- Princeton University
- Johns Hopkins University
- Space Telescope Science Institute (NNX08AR22G)
- Queen's University Belfast
- Durham University
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Academia Sinica
- Cabinet Office, Government of Japan
- Queen's University
- National Central University
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization
- Eötvös Loránd Tudományegyetem
- Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie
- Toray Science Foundation
- Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory
- Science Mission Directorate (NNX08AR22G)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (15H05892)
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- Planetary Science Division (NNX08AR22G)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- point spread function, wavelength dependence, weak gravitational lensing, Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program, LSST, seeing, PSF correction, systematic errors, image simulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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