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Phase 1 lead‐in to a phase 2 factorial study of temozolomide plus memantine, mefloquine, and metformin as postradiation adjuvant therapy for newly diagnosed glioblastoma

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A pilot study of metronomic temozolomide treatment in patients with recurrent temozolomide-refractory glioblastoma

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“Hard” Drug Repurposing for Precision Oncology: The Missing Link?

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Repurposing drugs for glioblastoma: From bench to bedside

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Continuous low-dose temozolomide and celecoxib in recurrent glioblastoma

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The efficacy of a coordinated pharmacological blockade in glioblastoma stem cells with nine repurposed drugs using the CUSP9 strategy

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Drug Repositioning in Oncology

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Evidence for hypoxia increasing the tempo of evolution in glioblastoma

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Bcl‐2/Bcl‐xL inhibition predominantly synergistically enhances the anti‐neoplastic activity of a low‐dose CUSP9 repurposed drug regime against glioblastoma

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Dwucet, A., Hlaváč, M., Heiland, T., Westhoff, M., Debatin, K., Wirtz, C. R., Siegelin, M. D., & Karpel‐Massler, G. (2019) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14773 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Multicenter, single arm, phase II trial on the efficacy of ortataxel in recurrent glioblastoma

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Reverse swing‐M, phase 1 study of repurposing mebendazole in recurrent high‐grade glioma

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Drug repositioning of antiretroviral ritonavir for combinatorial therapy in glioblastoma

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A phase I study of irinotecan in combination with metronomic temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma

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Unifying models of glioblastoma’s intratumoral heterogeneity

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How could a drug used to treat alcoholism also be effective against glioblastoma?

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Identification of functionally distinct and interacting cancer cell subpopulations from glioblastoma with intratumoral genetic heterogeneity

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Repurposing existing agents as adjunct therapies for glioblastoma

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Transcriptional signatures in histologic structures within glioblastoma tumors may predict personalized drug sensitivity and survival

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Network pharmacology: curing causal mechanisms instead of treating symptoms

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Cuproptosis: mechanisms and links with cancers

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Unlocking hidden potential: advancements, approaches, and obstacles in repurposing drugs for cancer therapy

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Updates in IDH-Wildtype Glioblastoma

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Effect of Disulfiram and Copper Plus Chemotherapy vs Chemotherapy Alone on Survival in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma

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The Cancer Antioxidant Regulation System in Therapeutic Resistance

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Clinical research framework proposal for ketogenic metabolic therapy in glioblastoma

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Drug Repurposing for Glioblastoma and Current Advances in Drug Delivery—A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

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The Role of the Thioredoxin Detoxification System in Cancer Progression and Resistance

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Cancer Metastasis and Treatment Resistance: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment

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Cuproptosis, the novel type of oxidation-induced cell death in thoracic cancers: can it enhance the success of immunotherapy?

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Temozolomide, Procarbazine and Nitrosoureas in the Therapy of Malignant Gliomas: Update of Mechanisms, Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Implications

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Drug Repurposing, a Fast-Track Approach to Develop Effective Treatments for Glioblastoma

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Current and promising treatment strategies in glioma

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In Vitro and Clinical Compassionate Use Experiences with the Drug-Repurposing Approach CUSP9v3 in Glioblastoma

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Lipid-Based Nanocarriers in the Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM): Challenges and Opportunities

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Engineering combination nanomedicines to overcome cancer resistance

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MDACT: A New Principle of Adjunctive Cancer Treatment Using Combinations of Multiple Repurposed Drugs, with an Example Regimen

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The rheumatoid arthritis drug auranofin exerts potent anti-lymphoma effect by stimulating TXNRD-mediated ROS generation and inhibition of energy metabolism

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Disulfiram in glioma: Literature review of drug repurposing

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The in vitro anti‐cancer synergy of neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist, aprepitant, and 5‐aminolevulinic acid in glioblastoma

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Cyclodextrin encapsulation enabling the anticancer repositioning of disulfiram: Preparation, analytical and in vitro biological characterization of the inclusion complexes

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Discovery of a New CaMKII-Targeted Synthetic Lethal Therapy against Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells

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Menadione Potentiates Auranofin-Induced Glioblastoma Cell Death

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Tumor Treating Fields (TTFields) combined with the drug repurposing approach CUSP9v3 induce metabolic reprogramming and synergistic anti-glioblastoma activity in vitro

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Understanding the Role of Endothelial Cells in Glioblastoma: Mechanisms and Novel Treatments

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Pro-Oxidant Auranofin and Glutathione-Depleting Combination Unveils Synergistic Lethality in Glioblastoma Cells with Aberrant Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression

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Ligand supplementation restores the cancer therapy efficacy of the antirheumatic drug auranofin from serum inactivation

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Repurposing FDA‐Approved Drugs for Temozolomide‐Resistant IDH1 Mutant Glioma Using High‐Throughput Miniaturized Screening on Droplet Microarray Chip

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High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Facilitates Cancer Growth—Currently Marketed Drugs Tadalafil, Isotretinoin, Colchicine, and Omega-3 to Reduce It: The TICO Regimen

Kast, R. E. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14194965 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

The combination therapy using tyrosine kinase receptors inhibitors and repurposed drugs to target patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells

Kucińska, M., Pospieszna, J., Tang, J. P., Lisiak, N., Totoń, E., Rubiś, B., & Murias, M. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116892 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Clinical, pharmacological, and formulation evaluation of disulfiram in the treatment of glioblastoma - a systematic literature review

Benkő, B.-M., Lamprou, D. A., Sebestyén, A. R., Zelkó, R., & Sebe, I. (2023) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2023.2190581 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Repurposing the Antidepressant Sertraline: A Systematic Scoping Review of Its Anticancer Mechanisms

Blum, C., Dohrmann, M., McCarthy, L., McMenamin, M., & O’Callaghan, L. A. (2025) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.70168 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Drug Repurposing in Pediatric Brain Tumors: Posterior Fossa Ependymoma and Diffuse Midline Glioma under the Looking Glass

Servidei, T., Sgambato, A., Lucchetti, D., Navarra, P., & Ruggiero, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Bioscience-Landmark · doi:10.31083/j.fbl2804077 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Repurposing Auranofin for Oncology and Beyond: A Brief Overview of Clinical Trials as Mono- and Combination Therapy

Giorgini, D., Chiaverini, L., Viviano, M., Belvedere, R., Salerno, S., Baglini, E., Settimo, F. D., Marzo, T., Taliani, S., & Barresi, E. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18111628 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Advances in Treatment of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH)-Wildtype Glioblastomas

Sim, H., Lorrey, S., & Khasraw, M. (2023) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-023-01268-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Thioredoxin system in colorectal cancer: Its role in carcinogenesis, disease progression, and response to treatment

Abdullah, N. A., Hashim, N. F. M., Zakuan, N. M., & Chua, J. X. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122711 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

The OSR9 Regimen: A New Augmentation Strategy for Osteosarcoma Treatment Using Nine Older Drugs from General Medicine to Inhibit Growth Drive

Kast, R. E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015474 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

IPIAD- an augmentation regimen added to standard treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using already-marketed repurposed drugs irbesartan, pyrimethamine, itraconazole, azithromycin, and dapsone

Kast, R. E. (2024) · Oncoscience · doi:10.18632/oncoscience.594 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exploring a Therapeutic Gold Mine: The Antifungal Potential of the Gold-Based Antirheumatic Drug Auranofin

Ma, J., van de Sande, W. W. J., & Biersack, B. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26167909 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Potential Benefits of Adding Alendronate, Celecoxib, Itraconazole, Ramelteon, and Simvastatin to Endometrial Cancer Treatment: The EC5 Regimen

Kast, R. E. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47030153 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Precision redox oncology: Exploiting antioxidant dependencies and oxidative vulnerabilities in cancer

Sulaiman, S. H., Omer, R. A., Barzani, K. I. S., Barzani, H. A. H., Ashfaq, M., Smerat, A., & Feizi‐Dehnayebi, M. (2026) · Chemical Physics Impact · doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101054 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exhaustive in vitro evaluation of the 9-drug cocktail CUSP9 for treatment of glioblastoma

Chantzi, E., Hammerling, U., & Gustafsson, M. G. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108748 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

A New Adjuvant Treatment for Glioblastoma Using Aprepitant, Vortioxetine, Roflumilast and Olanzapine: The AVRO Regimen

Kast, R. E., Vieira, B. M., & da Silva, E. B. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26136158 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Disulfiram enhances the antitumor activity of cisplatin by inhibiting the Fanconi anemia repair pathway

Meng, Y. G., Wu, Q., Zhang, M., Lai, M., Chen, W., Yang, J., Li, J., & Cao, J. (2023) · Journal of Zhejiang University SCIENCE B · doi:10.1631/jzus.b2200405 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel bi-gold mitocans in lung cancer cells

Ding, W., Cui, Q., Lu, W., Du, Y., Luo, Y., Hu, Y., Huang, P., & Wen, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Chemistry · doi:10.3389/fchem.2023.1292115 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

IC Regimen: Delaying Resistance to Lorlatinib in ALK Driven Cancers by Adding Repurposed Itraconazole and Cilostazol

Kast, R. E. (2024) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells13141175 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Methods behind oncolytic virus-based DC vaccines in cancer: Toward a multiphase combined treatment strategy for Glioblastoma (GBM) patients

Gool, S. V., de Vliet, P. V., Kampers, L. F. C., Kosmal, J., Sprenger, T., Reich, E. D., Schirrmacher, V., & Stuecker, W. (2023) · Methods in cell biology · doi:10.1016/bs.mcb.2023.06.001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Copper-KRAS-COX2 Axis: A Therapeutic Vulnerability in Pancreatic Cancer

Roy, J., Mouawad, R., Kyani, A., Hanafi, M., Xu, Y., Wen, B., Sun, D., & Neamati, N. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c03159 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Auranofin Combination Therapy: A New Frontier in Cancer Treatment

Guzman-Gomez, D. L., Telukutla, S. R., Ojha, R., Bhargava, S. K., & Plebanski, M. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31030571 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Redox rewiring in glioblastoma: the thioredoxin system as a precision therapeutic target

Espinoza, H., Gómez-Barrientos, A., López-Godoy, F., Tapia, P. J., & Puebla, M. (2026) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-026-00857-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Role of renin angiotensin system inhibitors and metformin in Glioblastoma Therapy: a review

Dixon, S., O’Connor, A. T., Brooks-Noreiga, C., Clark, M. A., Levy, A., & Castejon, A. M. (2024) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-024-04686-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

IC Regimen: Delaying Resistance to Lorlatinib in ALK Driven Cancers Using Repurposed Itraconazole and CilostazolPreprint

Kast, R. E. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202406.0779.v1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

UBC4: A Repurposed Drug Regimen for Adjunctive Use During Bladder Cancer Treatment

Kast, R. E. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13030706 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Management of advanced HR-positive breast cancer using metabolically supported chemotherapy and repurposed drugs: a case report

Slocum, A. K., Taştekin, D., Duraj, T., & Seyfried, T. N. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1795402 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Off-label and repurposed use of disulfiram beyond alcohol dependence: A systematic review of clinical and preclinical evidence

Benkő, B.-M., De Brito Parreirinha, N. S., Sebe, I., & Zelkó, R. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115441 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Case Study: Natural Language Processing (NLP) with Open Data for Drug Repositioning in Glioblastoma Therapy

Marxer, C., Rölke, H., Alfieri, A., & Halatsch, M. (2023) · IEEE Swiss Conference on Data Science (SDS) · doi:10.1109/sds57534.2023.00009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

FGD3 mediates lytic cell death, enhancing efficacy and immunogenicity of chemotherapy agents in breast cancer

Zhu, J., Dai, X., Ghosh, S., Wei, E., Mao, C., Jiang, Q., Spaulding, A. J., Mulligan, M. P., Romero, R., Han, Y. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-025-03559-5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The evolution of chemotherapy in brain tumors: from historical milestones to precision medicine in glioblastoma

Ciafarone, A., & Palumbo, P. (2026) · Exploration of Targeted Anti-tumor Therapy · doi:10.37349/etat.2026.1002374 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

New targets for old drugs

Kumbhar, N., Aparna, M. A., Nimal, S. K., Shewale, P., Barale, S. S., & Gacche, R. N. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15232-0.00021-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

SALIQ in Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Repurposed Multidrug Regimen to Augment Standard Treatments by Adding Simvastatin, All Trans Retinoic Acid, Lithium, Itraconazole, and QuercetinPreprint

Kast, R. E., Zaghloul, M. S., Sardi, I., & Halatsch, M. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202309.1957.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

L’année 2021 dans tous ses états : une synthèse digérée

Bay, J., Bouleuc, C., Firmin, N., Gandemer, V., Magné, N., Orbach, D. H., Penel, N., Rodrigues, M. J., Thiery-Vuillemin, A., Wislez, M., et al. (2021) · Bulletin du Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bulcan.2021.12.003

Repurposing drugs in glioblastoma

Daher, A., & Kesari, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-99873-4.00009-8

Special Issue: Principal Challenges in the Adjuvant Treatment of Glioblastoma

Halatsch, M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11071881

On fields, light and excitability in glioblastoma

Halatsch, M. (2023) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2023.08.012

Modulation von Stammzellcharakteristika in Gliom-initiierenden Zellen durch GANT61 oder Arsentrioxid und (-)-Gossypol

Wehle, A. (2023) · doi:10.21248/gups.76404

Phase II Clinical Trial Resources

Peterson, B., Pauly, B., Haijema, B. J., & Ruwe, F. (2024) · doi:10.58647/rexpo.24000055.v1

Theranostics in brain cancer

Karunakaran, S., Cheetiyar, A. L., Vedam, V. A. V., Gokul, T., Natesh, N. S., & Ghanta, M. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-34199-1.00002-8

Etude des interactiοns fοnctiοnnelles entre le récepteur AΤ1 de l'angiοtensine ΙΙ et le récepteur UΤ de l'urοtensine ΙΙ

Prevost, L. (2024) · doi:10.70675/4a9273dezbc20z4d99z98faz19414ef80255

Inflammation and RONS Dysregulation by Redox Enzymes as Mechanistic Links in HIV-1–Cancer Comorbidity

Ang, C. G., Eyunni, S., & CHAIKEN, I. M. (2026) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens15040423

Cancer neuroscience of head and neck cancer: killing two birds with one stone through integrated stress and symptom management

Wu, J.-Y., Li, Y.-H., Wang, M.-X., Song, X., & Song, A. (2026) · Oral Science and Homeostatic Medicine · doi:10.26599/oshm.2026.9610047

Polypharmacy, polypharmacology, and polypharmacotherapy: clarifying definitions and complementary roles in cancer treatment – a narrative review

González‐Fierro, A., Chávez-Blanco, A. D., Domínguez-Gómez, G., Romo‐Pérez, A., Pastrana-Peralta, P., Gutiérrez-Delgado, F., Kast, R. E., Correa‐Basurto, J., Algara, A. L. C., & Dueñas‐González, A. (2026) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1080/14737140.2026.2682866

Neuronal hijacking of cancer niches: integration, remodeling, evolution

Guan, F., Sun, H., Du, Y., Li, D., Huang, M., Li, Y., Li, X., Zhou, X., Cui, S., Long, X., et al. (2026) · Journal of the National Cancer Center · doi:10.1016/j.jncc.2026.05.001

Association of postoperative anxiety and depressive symptom severity with progression-free survival in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma

Xiong, Z., Li, Z., Han, C., & Peng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1949803

A Pilot Clinical Study of CUSP9v3: Nine Repurposed Drugs Combined With Temozolomide for the Treatment of Recurrent GlioblastomaPreprint

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Karpel‐Massler, G., Mayer, B., Zolk, O., Schmitz, B., Scheuerle, A., Maier, L., Bullinger, L., Mayer‐Steinacker, R., et al. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-162394/v1

ACTR-44. PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE NCT02770378 PROOF-OF-CONCEPT CLINICAL TRIAL ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF THE CUSP9v3 PROTOCOL COMBINED WITH METRONOMIC TEMOZOLOMIDE FOR RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Karpel‐Massler, G., Schmidt, C., Schmelzle, B., Awad, F., Panther, P., & Heiland, T. (2018) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noy148.076 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Favourable tolerability in phase 1 study of CUSP9v3 (NCT02770378) in recurrent glioblastoma

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Karpel‐Massler, G., Mayer, B., Zolk, O., Schmitz, B., Scheuerle, A., Maier, L., Bullinger, L., Mayer‐Steinacker, R., et al. (2021) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/21dgnc323

CTNI-04. RECURRENT GLIOBLASTOMA LONG-TERM SURVIVORS TREATED WITH CUSP9v3

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Karpel‐Massler, G., Mayer, B., Zolk, O., Schmitz, B., Scheuerle, A., Maier, L., Bullinger, L., Mayer‐Steinacker, R., et al. (2021) · Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1093/neuonc/noab196.229 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Interim results from a proof-of-concept clinical trial assessing the safety of the coordinated undermining of survival paths by 9 repurposed drugs (version 3) combined with metronomic temozolomide (CUSP9v3) protocol for recurrent glioblastoma

Halatsch, M., Kast, R. E., Karpel‐Massler, G., Schmitz, B., Zolk, O., Bullinger, L., Mayer‐Steinacker, R., Maier, L., Scheuerle, A., Mayer, B., et al. (2019) · German Medical Science (German Research Foundation) · doi:10.3205/19dgnc420