Cited by 621Smoking Behavior and CessationSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update

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Benowitz, Neal L, Bernert, John T, Foulds, Jonathan, Hecht, Stephen S, Jacob, Peyton, Jarvis, Martin J, Joseph, Anne, Oncken, Cheryl, Piper, Megan E·2020·Nicotine & Tobacco Research

DOI 10.1093/ntr/ntz132PMC PMC7882145

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The changing prevalence and patterns of tobacco use, the advent of novel nicotine delivery devices, and the development of new biomarkers prompted an update of the 2002 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco (SRNT) report on whether and how to apply biomarker verification for tobacco use and abstinence. METHODS: The SRNT Treatment Research Network convened a group of investigators with expertise in tobacco biomarkers to update the recommendations of the 2002 SNRT Biochemical Verification Report. RESULTS: Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence increases scientific rigor and is recommended in clinical trials of smoking cessation, when feasible. Sources, appropriate biospecimens, cutpoints, time of detection windows and analytic methods for carbon monoxide, cotinine (including over the counter tests), total nicotine equivalents, minor tobacco alkaloids, and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol are reviewed, as well as biochemical approaches to distinguishing cigarette smoking from use of electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS). CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations are provided for whether and how to use biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence. Guidelines are provided on which biomarkers to use, which biospecimens to use, optimal cutpoints, time windows to detection, and methodology for biochemical verifications. Use of combinations of biomarkers is recommended for assessment of ENDS use. IMPLICATIONS: Biochemical verification increases scientific rigor, but there are drawbacks that need to be assessed to determine whether the benefits of biochemical verification outweigh the costs, including the cost of the assays, the feasibility of sample collection, the ability to draw clear conclusions based on the duration of abstinence, and the variability of the assay within the study population. This paper provides updated recommendations from the 2002 SRNT report on whether and how to use biochemical markers in determining tobacco use and abstinence.

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Background
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Method
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BackgroundInfluential
Determining Optimal Cutoffs for Exhaled Carbon Monoxide and Salivary Cotinine to Identify Smokers among Korean Americans in a Smoking Cessation Clinical Trial
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Influential
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Method
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Background
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BackgroundMethod
Association of Urinary Biomarkers of Tobacco Exposure with Lung Cancer Risk in African American and White Cigarette Smokers in the Southern Community Cohort Study
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“…if they reported abstinence, not smoking even a puff, for 24 h at the end of treatment, for 7 days at the 3-month follow-up and for 30 days at the 6-and 12-month follow-ups, and if they also presented an expired carbon monoxide (CO) measure ≤ 5 parts per million (ppm) (Benowitz et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Expired carbon monoxide was measured in parts per million at baseline as an indicator of smoking level (Benowitz et al., 2020).”
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“…verification of smoking status has become logistically possible in recent years (e.g., [55–58]), its use in the current actual use study would have further reduced ecological validity and placed unnecessary burden upon participants that may outweigh any benefit of such measurement[59, 60].”
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Fucito, L. M., Baldassarri, S. R., Wu, R., Gueorguieva, R. V., Morean, M. E., Herbst, R. S., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., & O’Malley, S. S. (2025) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc-2024-059094 · Cited by 7
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“Smoking abstinence was biochemically verified by breath CO ( 7 ppm) 20 and urine cotinine test.”
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“…abstinence biochemically confirmed with CO breath test result of 0 – 3 ppm. Breath CO measurement can verify abstinence within the previous 24 h and is not confounded by detection of smokeless tobacco use, nicotine replacement therapy, or e-cigarette use because CO is a combustion product [38,39].”
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Vevang, K. R., Zhang, L., Grill, A. E., Hatsukami, D. K., Meier, E. M., Nomura, S. O., Robien, K., & Peterson, L. A. (2023) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00412 · Cited by 6
Feasibility of mailed biomarker data collection among U.S. young adults: Saliva-based cotinine and self-reported nicotine use
Patrick, M. E., Parks, M. J., Carroll, D., & Mitchell, C. M. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109791 · Cited by 4
A randomized controlled trial of varenicline and brief behavioral counseling delivered by lay counselors for adolescent vaping cessation: Study protocol
Schuster, R. M., Cather, C., Pachas, G. N., Nielsen, L., Iroegbulem, V., Dufour, J., Potter, K. W., Levy, S., Gray, K. M., & Evins, A. E. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083791 · Cited by 6
Aniqsaaq (To Breathe): Study protocol to develop and evaluate an Alaska Native family-based financial incentive intervention for smoking cessation
Patten, C. A., Koller, K. R., King, D. K., Prochaska, J. J., Sinicrope, P. S., McDonell, M. G., Decker, P. A., Lee, F. R., Fosi, J. K., Young, A. M., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101129 · Cited by 7
Review of strategies to investigate low sample return rates in remote tobacco trials: A call to action for more user-centered design research
Vilardaga, R., Thrul, J., DeVito, A., Kendzor, D. E., Sabo, P. L., & Khafif, T. C. (2023) · Addiction Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.addicn.2023.100090 · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of the spirometry-based motivational intervention to quit smoking: RESET randomised trial
Martín‐Luján, F., Santigosa-Ayala, A., Pallejà-Millán, M., Rey‐Reñones, C., Villalobos, F., Solà, R., & study, T. R. O. T. R. (2023) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2023.2276764 · Cited by 6
“Following recommendations, self-reported abstinence was verified using objective biochemical methods (in this study, initially expired CO and subsequently cotinine in urine) [21].”
Method
Feasibility and acceptability of testing a menstrual-cycle timed smoking cessation intervention for women of reproductive age (Project Phase): Protocol of a pilot randomized controlled trial
Nair, U. S., Miller, E. S., Bell, M. L., ALLEN, S. S., Collins, B. N., & Allen, A. M. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2020.100569 · Cited by 6
The efficacy and safety of varenicline alone versus in combination with nicotine lozenges for smoking cessation among hospitalised smokers (VANISH): study protocol for a randomised, placebo-controlled trial
Gobarani, R. K., Abramson, M. J., Bonevski, B., Weeks, G. R., Dooley, M. J., Smith, B. J., Veale, A., Webb, A. R., Kirsa, S. W., Thomas, D., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038184 · Cited by 7
Correlates of e-cigarette use among adults initiating smoking cessation treatment
Boozary, L. K., Frank-Pearce, S. G., Alexander, A. C., Waring, J. J. C., Ehlke, S. J., Businelle, M. S., Cohn, A. M., & Kendzor, D. E. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108724 · Cited by 7
Disparities in dental health issues and oral health care visits in US children with tobacco smoke exposure
Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M., Smith, H. A., & Merianos, A. L. (2022) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2021.09.002 · Cited by 6
Impact of delivery rate on the acute response to intravenous nicotine: A human laboratory study with implications for regulatory science
Aquino, J. P. D., MacLean, R. R., Gueorguieva, R. V., DeVito, E. E., Eid, T., & Sofuoglu, M. (2022) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13161 · Cited by 6
Comparison of a Daily Smartphone App and Retrospective Questionnaire Measures of Adherence to Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Pregnant Women: Observational Study
Emery, J. L., Huang, Y., Naughton, F., Cooper, S. E., McDaid, L., Dickinson, A., Clark, E., Kinahan‐Goodwin, D., Thomson, R., Phillips, L., et al. (2022) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/35045 · Cited by 7
Use of the Acrylonitrile Haemoglobin Adduct N‑(2‑cyanoethyl)valine as a Biomarker Of Compliance in Smokers Switching to Tobacco Heating ProductsPreprint
Camacho, O. M., McEwan, M., Gale, N., Pluym, N., Scherer, M., Hardie, G., & Murphy, J. A. (2021) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202108.0085.v1 · Cited by 6
“Based on a receiver operation characteristics (ROC) analysis, optimal thresholds for NNAL were calculated to minimize the difference between sensitivity and specificity considering NNAL compliance boundaries at 10, 25 and 40 pg/mL.(12) All analyses were performed with SAS version 9.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Feasibility and Preliminary Effects of a Social Media–Based Peer-Group Mobile Messaging Smoking Cessation Intervention Among Chinese Immigrants who Smoke: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Jiang, N., Zhao, A., Rogers, E. S., Cupertino, A. P., Zhao, X., Cartujano-Barrera, F., Siu, K., & Sherman, S. E. (2024) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/59496 · Cited by 5
“A CO concentration of ≤ 6 parts per million indicated biochemically verified abstinence [26].”
Background
Unveiling the Complexities of Medications, Substance Abuse, and Plants for Recreational and Narcotic Purposes: An In-Depth Analysis
Predescu, I.-A., Jîjie, A.-R., Pătrașcu, D., Pasc, A.-L.-V., Piroș, E. L., Trandafirescu, C. M., Oancea, C. I., Dehelean, C. A., & Moacă, E.-A. (2025) · Pharmacy · doi:10.3390/pharmacy13010007 · Cited by 7
Assessment, detection, and validation of clinical associations of thirdhand smoke exposure (ADVOCATE) study protocol
Mahabee‐Gittens, E. M., Matt, G. E., López-Gálvez, N. I., Hoh, E., Quintana, P. J. E., Dodder, N. G., Jandarov, R., Stone, L., Wullenweber, C. A., Ahluwalia, J. S., et al. (2025) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-025-03915-3 · Cited by 5
“We recruited 0 – 11-year-old children and their parents and used strict parental screening and biochemical validation techniques using cotinine, the main nicotine metabolite, 26 and hand wipe nicotine, a THS pollutant, 2,3,18,22 to categorize and compare children in three TSE groups ( N = 1013).”
Implementation of a smoking cessation intervention for people with severe mental illness in ambulatory mental healthcare (KISMET): A process evaluation
Küçükaksu, M. H., Jansen, L., Hoekstra, T., Helmig, S., Adriaanse, M. C., & van Meijel, B. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0322160 · Cited by 5
“Generally, CO monitoring is used in research to biochemically verify smoking status with the outcome in parts per million (ppm) [34,35].”
ACT on Vaping: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Novel Digital Health App With Text Messaging for Young Adult Vaping Cessation
Heffner, J. L., Baker, K., Georgiou, K., Graham, A. L., Kelly, M. M., Konstantinou, P., Lamprou, E., Lele, C., Lok, K. Z., Orzechowski, M., et al. (2025) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntaf112 · Cited by 5
“…testing, since cotinine cannot distinguish e-cigarette and other tobacco use from NRT use and the only method that can potentially make this dis-tinction—urinary analysis of minor tobacco alkaloids (eg, anatabine/anabasine) 27 —was not feasible in a remote trial de-sign with national recruitment.”
Effectiveness of behavioural tobacco cessation interventions with and without pharmacotherapy among people living with HIV in Viet Nam: a three-arm pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Shelley, D., Armstrong-Hough, M. J., Nguyen, T., Alvarez, G. G., Kapur, R., Shuter, J., Goldsamt, L. A., Tozan, Y., Minh, H. V., Vu, G. V., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(25)00451-6 · Cited by 5
Association between the Urine Cotinine Level and Blood Pressure in Korean Adults with Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2016–2018
Lee, J. H., Shim, J., & Lee, J. (2023) · Korean Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.4082/kjfm.22.0153 · Cited by 5
Effect of the Nicotine Replacement Therapy on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Endothelial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Lipids in Smokers Who Quit Smoking
Colsoul, M., Goderniaux, N., Onorati, S., Dupuis, S., Jamart, J., Vanpee, D., Berlin, I., & Galanti, L. M. (2023) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntad130 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of an individual-tailored smoking cessation intervention APP among Chinese smokers: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Xie, X., Liang, L., Nan, Y., Zhang, L., & Xiao, L. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16496-9 · Cited by 5
“Considering there is no close contact or interaction between participants and the study team, biochemical verification may be infeasible as the SRNT guidelines have suggested [35], it will be self-reported.”
Background
Self-reported smoking, urine cotinine, and risk of type 2 diabetes: Findings from the PREVEND prospective cohort study
Kunutsor, S. K., Tetteh, J., Dey, R. S., Touw, D. J., Dullaart, R. P. F., & Bakker, S. J. L. (2024) · Primary care diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2024.04.004 · Cited by 5
“For a more precise measurement, attention has been focused on objective markers of smoking exposure including cotinine [9].”
Biosynthesized gold nanoparticles for enhanced determination of nicotine in heated tobacco products
Xue, Y., Wu, Y. L., Zhang, X., Yan, J., Long, Z., Xi, F., Luo, D., Liu, Q., Guo, L., Jing, Y., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100721 · Cited by 5
Outcomes of a Comprehensive Mobile Vaping Cessation Program in Adults Who Vape Daily: Cohort Study
Marler, J. D., Fujii, C. A., Utley, M. T., Balbierz, D. J., Galanko, J. A., & Utley, D. S. (2024) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/57376 · Cited by 7
“Biovalidation in remote digital vaping cessation studies presents various challenges, including distinguishing between use of e-cigarettes and other sources of nicotine, cost, logistics, resource use, and participant compliance in sample collection [47,48].”
Background
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a multi-city cohort of children with asthma: Analyzing true exposure and the validity of caregiver survey
Mckeon, K. L., Werthmann, D., Straubing, R., Rodriguez, A., Sosnoff, C. S., Blount, B. C., Chew, G. L., Reponen, T. A., Adamkiewicz, G., Hsu, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical and Translational Science · doi:10.1017/cts.2024.581 · Cited by 5
Quitline-Based Young Adult Vaping Cessation: A Randomized Clinical Trial Examining NRT and mHealth
Vickerman, K. A., Carpenter, K., Hunter‐Mullis, K., Shoben, A. B., Nemeth, J. M., Mayers, E., & Klein, E. G. (2024) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2024.10.019 · Cited by 5
Association between tobacco smoke exposure and constipation among American adults: a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Cui, G., Jiao, X., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1502341 · Cited by 5
CYP2A6 Activity and Deuterated 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Metabolism in Cigarette Smokers
von Weymarn, L. B., Thomson, N. M., Marchand, L. L., & Murphy, S. E. (2025) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00310 · Cited by 5
Données physiologiques et psychologiques influençant le comportement tabagique de la femme enceinte – Rapport d’experts et recommandations CNGOF-SFT sur la prise en charge du tabagisme en cours de grossesse
Berveiller, P., Rault, E., & Guerby, P. (2020) · Gynécologie Obstétrique Fertilité & Sénologie · doi:10.1016/j.gofs.2020.03.023 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of the MoMba Live Long Remote Smoking Detection System During and After Pregnancy: Development and Usability Study
Valencia, S., Callinan, L. S., Shic, F., & Smith, M. V. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/18809 · Cited by 5
“Prior work has suggested a variety of optimal cutoff breath CO levels to determine smoking status [12,24,30-32].”
Background
Menthol cigarette use in substance use disorder treatment before and after implementation of a county-wide flavoured tobacco ban
Guydish, J. R., Straus, E. R., Le, T. L., Gubner, N. R., & Delucchi, K. (2020) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056000 · Cited by 5
Feasibility and acceptability of testing a menstrual-cycle timed smoking cessation intervention for women of reproductive age (Project Phase): Results of a pilot randomized control trial
Allen, A. M., Skobic, I., Bell, M. L., Medvescek, K., ALLEN, S. S., Collins, B. N., & Nair, U. S. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107153 · Cited by 5
Objective measure of smoking status highlights disparities by sex
Khadanga, S., Yant, B., Savage, P. D., Rengo, J. L., & Gaalema, D. E. (2022) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2022.100171 · Cited by 5
“One way to objectively measure recent smoking is through the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) (a gas that is a byproduct of incomplete combustion) in expired breath [6].”
Background
Interaction between serum cotinine and body mass index on asthma in the children: a cross-sectional study
He, L., & Xi, X. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03571-0 · Cited by 5
“Serum cotinine levels can reflect the passive exposure of children to cigarettes, which is the main metabolite of nicotine with a long half-life, about 15–20 h [8, 9].”
Background
Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Effects of a Video-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among People with HIV in Kathmandu, Nepal: A Single-Armed Pilot Study
Poudel, K. C., Poudel‐Tandukar, K., Silwal, R. C., Chalise, B. S., Bertone‐Johnson, E. R., & Vidrine, D. J. (2023) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-023-04062-8 · Cited by 5
“Participants who self-report abstinence but had a CO level of ≥ 5ppm were considered smokers [32].”
Background
Integrated smoking cessation and mood management following acute coronary syndrome: Protocol for the post-acute cardiac event smoking (PACES) trial
Adkins-Hempel, M., Japuntich, S. J., Chrastek, M., DUNSIGER, S. I., Breault, C., Ayenew, W., Everson‐Rose, S. A., Nijjar, P. S., Bock, B. C., Wu, W., et al. (2023) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-023-00388-9 · Cited by 6
“For those using nicotine replacement or noncombustible tobacco products, a carbon monoxide (CO) breath sample will be used to verify abstinence (CO < 6 ppm will indicate abstinence [61, 63]).”
Method
Varenicline Combined With Oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy and Smartphone-Based Medication Reminders for Smoking Cessation: Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial
Sifat, M. S., Hébert, E. T., Ahluwalia, J. S., Businelle, M. S., Waring, J. J. C., Frank-Pearce, S. G., Bryer, C. M., Benson, L., Madison, S. D., Planas, L. G., et al. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/48857 · Cited by 6
“…Vitalograph ecolyzer (Vitalograph Inc; for in-clinic assessments) or via the Bedfont iCO Smokerlyzer (Bedfont Scientific Ltd; for remote smartphone-based assessments) with a CO level of ≤ 6 ppm indicating biochemical confirmation of self-reported abstinence (per current recommendations [35]).”
BackgroundMethod
Reaching adults who smoke cigarettes in rural Appalachia: Rationale, design & analysis plan for a mixed-methods study disseminating pharmacy-delivered cessation treatment
Fahey, M. C., Krukowski, R. A., Anderson, R. T., Cohn, W. F., Porter, K., Reid, T., Wiseman, K. P., You, W., Wood, C. H., Rücker, T., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107335 · Cited by 5
The roles of serum vitamin D and tobacco smoke exposure in insomnia: a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States
Gao, T., Hou, M., Wang, Q., Liu, D., Chen, F., Xing, Y., & Mei, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2023.1285494 · Cited by 5
Association Between the Serum Copper Levels and Environmental Tobacco Exposure on the Risk of Overweight and Obesity in Children: a Study Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Luo, Y., Zhang, L., Lu, Y., Lin, X., Weng, Z., & Xu, Y. (2023) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-023-04037-9 · Cited by 5
“Coti-nine is a highly specific metabolite of nicotine, the primary addictive chemical in tobacco, and is used as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure [16].”
Body weight change during a smoking cessation intervention for individuals with overweight or obesity
Krotter, A., Pérez, Á. G., Diego, G. A., & García–Fernández, G. (2024) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101882 · Cited by 5
The Effect of Adult Smoking Behavior on Children’s Exposure to Secondhand Smoke. An Analysis Based on Salivary Cotinine Levels Among Children in Dhaka and Karachi
Siddiqi, K., Welch, C., Huque, R., Iqbal, R., Kanaan, M. N., Mishu, M. P., Khokhar, M. A., Semple, S. E., CLASS III Trial Team, Sheikh, A., et al. (2024) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntae130 · Cited by 6
Kick Vaping: Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary impact of a vaping cessation text messaging intervention for Latino young adults
Orfin, R. H., Ramos-Santiago, J. W., Soriano, R. D., Acosta, E. R., Bermudez, D., Rodriguez, Y. L., Li, D., Rahman, I., McIntosh, S. W., Ossip, D. J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/15332640.2024.2397422 · Cited by 5
“However, self-reported abstinence has been judged to be appropriate for minimal contact interventions (Benowitz et al., 2020).”
The association between frequency of e-cigarette use and long-term smoking cessation outcomes among treatment-seeking smokers receiving a behavioral intervention
Watson, N. L., Mull, K. E., & Bricker, J. B. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108394 · Cited by 5
“However, verifying abstinence is often considered unnecessary in population-level intervention studies with no face-to-face contact as doing so is often not feasible and can bias results (Benowitz et al., 2020; Benowitz et al., 2002).”
Background
Comparing cotinine and NNAL verification of self-reported smoking status among lung cancer screening eligible population from the 2007–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Li, W., & Liu, B. (2020) · Biomarkers · doi:10.1080/1354750x.2020.1853810 · Cited by 5
Project SUN: Pilot Study of a Culturally Adapted Smoking Cessation Curriculum for American Indian Youth
Ramos, G. G., Sussman, S. Y., Moerner, L., Unger, J. B., & Soto, C. (2022) · Journal of Drug Education · doi:10.1177/00472379221111542 · Cited by 5
Mass Spectrometric Quantitation of N′-Nitrosonornicotine-1N-oxide in the Urine of Cigarette Smokers and Smokeless Tobacco Users
Li, Y., & Hecht, S. S. (2022) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00195 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Evaluation of a Pharmacist-Linked Smoking Cessation Intervention for Adults Experiencing Homelessness
Reyes, G. D. L., Ng, A., Chavez, J. V., Apollonio, D. E., Kroon, L. A., Lee, P. L., & Vijayaraghavan, M. (2023) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2023.2231060 · Cited by 5
Development and Validation of LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of Cytisine in Human Serum and Saliva
Wróblewski, K., Szultka‐Młyńska, M., Courtney, R. J., Buszewski, B., & Tutka, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms242015364 · Cited by 5
“The results of our study con ﬁ rm the usefulness of LC-Q-TOF-MS in quanti ﬁ cation and represent a new perspective of the utility of LC-HRMS systems in the future.”
Background

Authors: Benowitz, N. L., Bernert, J. T., Foulds, J., Hecht, S. S., Jacob, P., Jarvis, M. J., Joseph, A., Oncken, C., & Piper, M. E.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
Pennsylvania State University (US)
University of Minnesota (US)
University College London (GB)
University of Connecticut (US)
University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
Corresponding author: Benowitz, Neal L
ORCID: Benowitz, Neal L
Foulds, Jonathan
Hecht, Stephen S
Jacob, Peyton
Jarvis, Martin J
Joseph, Anne
Oncken, Cheryl
Piper, Megan E
Venue: Nicotine & Tobacco Research
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2019-10-01
Volume: 22
Issue: 7
Pages: 1086-1097
ISSN: 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
1469-994X
DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntz132
PMC: PMC7882145
OpenAlex: W2978389675
Cited by: 619
References: 121
Citations by year: 2026: 99 · 2025: 84 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 87 · 2021: 79 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 4
FWCI: 6.58
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations: Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (CC999999)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: tobacco use, smoking abstinence, biomarkers, cotinine, carbon monoxide, electronic cigarettes, NNAL, biological specimen, detection window
MeSH terms: Cigarette Smoking, Carbon Monoxide, Cotinine, Humans, Nicotine, United States, Biomarkers, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Products

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Biochemical Verification of Tobacco Use and Abstinence: 2019 Update

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