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The Uruk Phenomenon

Selz, Gebhard J.·2020·The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East
DOI 10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004
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Abstract

The city of Uruk in southern Iraq was the main force for urbanization and state formation in Mesopotamia during the Uruk period (ca. 3800–3300 bc), which takes its name from this “first city.” This chapter discusses this formative period for the social, political, and cultural history of Mesopotamia and beyond, as well as the ensuing transitional period (Uruk III/Jemdet Nasr period; ca. 3300–3000 bc). The focus lies on the key elements of Uruk culture and its spread across Western Asia, including Syria, Anatolia, and Iran; the invention of cuneiform writing; and aspects of social, religious, and political organization of this emergent state. Contextualized in climatic, demographic, and geographic observations, the chapter evaluates key cultural features, stressing the role of population growth intertwined with technological, agricultural, and administrative improvements. These cultural features’ dissemination along trade routes to the Levant, Anatolia, and Iran is linked to the establishment of strongholds that secured the exchange of goods, with the south of Mesopotamia serving as the commercial hub. While the available sources—both textual and iconographic—provide no unequivocal evidence for the alleged monocratic governance of Uruk-period society, the identifiable political structures were strongly intertwined with religious functions, indicating great societal complexity. The alleged collapse of the Uruk culture was predominantly the breakdown of the Uruk (trade) network. Culturally, however, many features of the Uruk phenomenon provided the founding charter for Mesopotamian social structures in subsequent periods.

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Metadata

Authors
Selz, G. J.
Corresponding author
Selz, Gebhard J.
ORCID
Selz, Gebhard J.
Venue
The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East
Publisher
Oxford University PressNew York
Published
2020-10-22
Pages
163-244
DOI
10.1093/oso/9780190687854.003.0004
OpenAlex
W4250824312
Semantic Scholar
9450c4cf0a5e643d908575387940c368e88c1540
Cited by
36
References
115
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 29
FWCI
79.45
Type
book chapter
Language
en
Open access
closed
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Archeology (arts and humanities) › Ancient Near East History
  • Social Sciences › Archeology › Archaeology and ancient environmental studies
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
Keywords
Uruk period, Uruk, state formation, urbanization, cuneiform, Mesopotamian civilization, trade networks, population growth, religion and politics, Levant, Anatolia, Iran

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