Traumatic Experiences: The Early Organization Of Memory In School-Age Children And Adolescents
Abstract
There are two trends currently working to unduly restrict discussions of traumatic memories. Recent judicial controversies concerning ‘‘repressed memories,’’ ‘‘delayed memories” and “false memory syndromes” in adults, as well as a number of sensationalized legal cases involving allegations of sexual abuse by preschool children, have resulted in social polarization over the veracity of presumed traumatic memories among adults and the reliability of young children’s recall of traumatic experiences. At the same time, there have been efforts to conceptualize traumatic memories in neurobiological terms as involving an extreme consolidation of memory due to danger or fear-induced, augmented stimulation of endogenous stress hormones.5,6 Such terms as malignant memories and super memories suggest that traumatic memories are virtually fixed and indelible. Both the vehement polarization of opinion and the biological reductionism profoundly underrepresent the extraordinary complexity of traumatic experiences and the extreme activity of children’s minds in the experience and remembering of traumatic events. This chapter will present clinical and research material gathered from traumatized children and adolescents to elucidate this contention.
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Studies of children and adolescents were excluded because their memory processes, especially narrative memory, may differ from adults'.
“Studies with adolescents/children were excluded because memory processes, especially narrative memories, may be different in children (e.g., Kenardy et al., 2007; Pynoos, Steinberg, & Aronson, 1997), warranting a separate analysis.”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Pynoos, Steinberg, & Aronson, 1997
Verbal processing is directly related to developmental stage.
“In addition, verbal processing is directly related to developmental stage (e.g., Kenardy et al., 2007; Pynoos, Steinberg, & Aronson, 1997).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Pynoos, Steinberg, & Aronson, 1997
Children who experience traumatic events are more likely to omit emotional elements and distort chronology and time because of under-developed memory systems.
“This is important in the context of fragmenation in that children who experience traumatic events are more likely to omit emotional elements of the experience as well as distort the chronology and time of events, due to under-developed memory systems (e.g., Pynoos et al., 1997).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Pynoos et al., 1997
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bedard-Gilligan, M., & Zoellner, L. A. (2012) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2012.655747 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The effect of trauma on the severity of obsessive-compulsive spectrum symptoms: a meta-analysis
Miller, M. L., & Brock, R. L. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.02.005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Aronson, L.
- Venue
- Trauma And Memory
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressNew York, NY
- Published
- 1997-05-29
- Pages
- 272-289
- OpenAlex
- W4388330166
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- traumatic memory, memory consolidation, elementary school students, adolescents, childhood trauma, repressed memories, false memory, memory reliability, stress hormones, memory organization, child sexual abuse allegations, clinical case material
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