The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Probability and Random Processes.
Abstract
Abstract This third edition of this successful text gives a rigorous and extensive introduction to probability theory and an account in some depth of the most important random processes. It includes various topics which are suitable for undergraduate courses, but are not routinely taught. It is suitable for students of probability at all levels. There are four main aims: 1) to provide a thorough but straightforward account of basic probability, giving the reader a natural feel for the subject unburdened by oppressive technicalities, 2) to discuss important random processes in depth with many examples. 3) to cover a range of important but less routine topics, 4) to impart to the beginner the flavour of more advanced work. The book begins with basic ideas common to many undergraduate courses in mathematics, statistics and the sciences; it concludes with topics usually found at graduate level. The ordering and numbering of material in this third edition has been mostly preserved from the second. Minor alterations and additions have been added for clearer exposition. Highlights include new sections on sampling and Markov chain Monte Carlo, geometric probability, coupling and Poisson approximation, large deviations, spatial Poisson processes, renewal-reward, queuing networks, stochastic calculus, Itô's formula and option pricing in the Black- Scholes model for financial markets. In addition there are many (nearly 400) new exercises and problems that are entertaining and instructive; their solutions can be found in the companion volume 'One Thousand Exercises in Probability', (OUP).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An important theorem from probability theory (see, e.g., p. 232 in [39]) states that if is irreducible (i.e., any state in can be reached from any other state in in finitely many steps with probability ) and aperiodic (i.e., its state transitions cannot be trapped in deterministic cycles), then the probability converges for to a probability that does not depend on the initial state .”
From Neural dynamics as sampling: a model for stochastic computation in recurrent networks of spiking neurons (2011) · cites this paper as [39]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,001
Parametric Modeling of Wideband and Ultrawideband Channels in Frequency Domain
Gu, G., Gao, X., He, J., et al. (2007) · IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology · doi:10.1109/tvt.2007.897191 · Cited by 11
REPRESENTING MARKOV CHAINS WITH TRANSITION DIAGRAMS
Kachapova, F. (2013) · Journal of Mathematics and Statistics · doi:10.3844/jmssp.2013.149.154 · Cited by 11
Mak, C. H., Pham, P., Afif, S. A., & Goodman, M. F. (2015) · Physical Review E · doi:10.1103/physreve.92.032717 · Cited by 11
An incremental sampling-based algorithm for stochastic optimal control
Huynh, V. A., Karaman, S., & Frazzoli, E. (2016) · The International Journal of Robotics Research · doi:10.1177/0278364915616866 · Cited by 11
Modeling Effects of Forward Glance Durations on Latent Hazard Detection
Park, H., Gao, S., & Samuel, S. (2017) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2663-12 · Cited by 11
A hierarchical stochastic model for bistable perception
Albert, S., Schmack, K., Sterzer, P., & Schneider, G. (2017) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005856 · Cited by 11
Langenhove, J. V., Lucor, D., Alauzet, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Computational Physics · doi:10.1016/j.jcp.2018.07.044 · Cited by 11
Protein pKa’s from Adaptive Landscape Flattening Instead of Constant-pH Simulations
Villa, F., & Simonson, T. (2018) · Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation · doi:10.1021/acs.jctc.8b00970 · Cited by 11
Joshi, K. C., Niknam, S., Prasad, R., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2019.2931703 · Cited by 11
Wald’s martingale and the conditional distributions of absorption time in the Moran process
Monk, T., & van Schaik, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.2020.0135 · Cited by 11
UniNet: Scalable Network Representation Learning with Metropolis-Hastings Sampling
Yao, X., Shao, Y., Cui, B., et al. (2021) · Proceedings - International Conference on Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/icde51399.2021.00051 · Cited by 11
Theoretical Aspects of Graph Models for MANETs
Dı́az, J., Mitsche, D., & Santi, P. (2010) · Monographs in theoretical computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14849-1_6 · Cited by 11
Randomly Stopped Nonlinear Fractional Birth Processes
Orsingher, E., & Polito, F. (2013) · Stochastic Analysis and Applications · doi:10.1080/07362994.2013.759495 · Cited by 11
The probability of extinction in a bovine respiratory syncytial virus epidemic model
Griffiths, M., & Greenhalgh, D. (2011) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2011.02.011 · Cited by 11
Stochastic domination for iterated convolutions and catalytic majorization
Aubrun, G., & Nechita, I. (2009) · Annales de l Institut Henri Poincaré Probabilités et Statistiques · doi:10.1214/08-aihp175 · Cited by 11
A Generalized Fault Coverage Model for Linear Time-Invariant Systems
Domínguez-García, A. D., Kassakian, J. G., & Schindall, J. E. (2009) · IEEE Transactions on Reliability · doi:10.1109/tr.2009.2019496 · Cited by 11
Stochastic Functional Data Analysis: A Diffusion Model-Based Approach
Zhu, B., Song, P. X. ‐., & Taylor, J. M. G. (2011) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.1541-0420.2011.01591.x · Cited by 11
Finding probably better system configurations quickly
Osogami, T., & Itoko, T. (2006) · ACM SIGMETRICS International Conference on Measurement and Modeling of Computer Systems (SIGMETRICS) · doi:10.1145/1140277.1140308 · Cited by 11
E-COMMERCE MARKET IN EUROPE IN B2C
Rokicki, T. (2018) · Information System in Management · doi:10.22630/isim.2018.7.2.12 · Cited by 10
Monotonicity and condensation in homogeneous stochastic particle systems
Rafferty, T., Chleboun, P., & Großkinsky, S. (2018) · Annales de l Institut Henri Poincaré Probabilités et Statistiques · doi:10.1214/17-aihp821 · Cited by 10
Stochastic Multiscale Models of Cell Population Dynamics: Asymptotic and Numerical Methods
Guerrero, P., & Alarcón, T. (2015) · Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena · doi:10.1051/mmnp/201510104 · Cited by 10
Random surfing on multipartite graphs
Νικολακόπουλος, Α. Ν., Korba, A., & Garofalakis, J. D. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data (BigData) · doi:10.1109/bigdata.2016.7840666 · Cited by 11
Stability of stochastic semigroups and applications to Stein's neuronal model
Pichór, K., & Rudnicki, R. (2017) · Discrete and Continuous Dynamical Systems - B · doi:10.3934/dcdsb.2018026 · Cited by 10
Bacri, T., Berentsen, G. D., Bulla, J., & Hølleland, S. (2022) · Biometrical journal. Biometrische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1002/bimj.202100256 · Cited by 12
Phenomenology and dynamics of competitive ecosystems beyond the niche-neutral regimes
Leibovich, N., Rothschild, J., Goyal, S., & Zilman, A. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2204394119 · Cited by 10
NCDREC: A Decomposability Inspired Framework for Top-N Recommendation
Νικολακόπουλος, Α. Ν., & Garofalakis, J. D. (2014) · IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conferences on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technologies (WI-IAT) · doi:10.1109/wi-iat.2014.32 · Cited by 10
Entropy increase and information loss in Markov models of evolution
Sober, E. R., & Steel, M. (2011) · Biology & Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s10539-010-9239-x · Cited by 10
Crowding Effects in Vehicular Traffic
Combinido, J. S. L., & Lim, M. T. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0048151 · Cited by 10
Distribution-free bounds for relational classification
Dhurandhar, A., & Dobra, A. (2011) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-011-0406-4 · Cited by 10
Delayed response in the Hawk Dove game
Burridge, J., Gao, Y., & Mao, Y. J. (2017) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2016-70471-1 · Cited by 10
Curing Epidemics on Networks Using a Polya Contagion Model
Hayhoe, M., Alajaji, F., & Gharesifard, B. (2019) · IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking · doi:10.1109/tnet.2019.2940888 · Cited by 10
Geometry Based Self Kinematic Calibration Method for Industrial Robots
Messay-Kebede, T., Sutton, G., & Djaneye-Boundjou, O. (2018) · Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/icra.2018.8460764 · Cited by 10
Xu, D., Xiao, X., & Yu, H. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.2976200 · Cited by 10
Grimmett, G. (2004) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.2307/4145239 · Cited by 10
Self-citationUncertainty Quantification of Inclusion Boundaries in the Context of X-Ray Tomography
Afkham, B. M., Dong, Y., & Hansen, P. C. (2023) · SIAM/ASA Journal on Uncertainty Quantification · doi:10.1137/21m1433782 · Cited by 10
Assessing, Testing and Estimating the Amount of Fine-Tuning by Means of Active Information
Pachón, D. A. D., & Hössjer, O. (2022) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e24101323 · Cited by 11
Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Markov Chains
Figueroa–García, J. C. (2013) · Studies in fuzziness and soft computing · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6666-6_4 · Cited by 10
Count-Free Single-Photon 3D Imaging With Race Logic
Ingle, A. N., & Maier, D. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1109/tpami.2023.3302822 · Cited by 10
Infinite Limits and Adjacency Properties of a Generalized Copying Model
Bonato, A., & Janssen, J. (2007) · Internet Mathematics · doi:10.1080/15427951.2007.10129292 · Cited by 10
Modelling population processes with random initial conditions
Pollett, P. K., Dooley, A. H., & Ross, J. V. (2009) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/j.mbs.2009.11.008 · Cited by 10
Renewal-Reward Process Formulation of Motor Protein Dynamics
Krishnan, A., & Epureanu, B. I. (2011) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-011-9632-x · Cited by 10
Network Connectivity with a Family of Group Mobility Models
La, R. J., & Seo, E. (2011) · IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing · doi:10.1109/tmc.2011.37 · Cited by 10
An Algorithm for Identifying Optimal Spreaders in a Random Walk Model of Network Communication
Hunt, F. Y. (2016) · Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology · doi:10.6028/jres.121.008 · Cited by 10
TensorCast: forecasting and mining with coupled tensors
Araújo, M. R., Ribeiro, P., Song, H. A., et al. (2018) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-018-1223-9 · Cited by 10
Reliability of rail transit traction drive system-A review
Lin, S., Fang, X., Lin, F., et al. (2018) · Microelectronics Reliability · doi:10.1016/j.microrel.2018.07.037 · Cited by 10
SPAD-Based Quantum Random Number Generator With an $N^{\rm{th}}$ -Order Rank Algorithm on FPGA
Tontini, A., Gasparini, L., Massari, N., & Passerone, R. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems II Express Briefs · doi:10.1109/tcsii.2019.2909013 · Cited by 9
On the Stability of Community Detection Algorithms on Longitudinal Citation Data
Bommarito, M. J., Katz, D. M., & Zelner, J. L. (2010) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.480 · Cited by 10
Kumar, R. (2019) · Advances in Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.aam.2019.101986 · Cited by 10
On the emergence of random initial conditions in fluid limits
Barbour, A. D., Chigansky, P., & Klebaner, F. C. (2016) · Journal of Applied Probability · doi:10.1017/jpr.2016.74 · Cited by 10
Single-crossover recombination and ancestral recombination trees
Baake, E., & von Wangenheim, U. (2011) · PUB – Publications at Bielefeld University (Bielefeld University) · Cited by 11
Disambiguating HTTP: Classifying web Applications
Archibald, R., Liu, Y., Corbett, C., & Ghosal, D. (2011) · International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC) · doi:10.1109/iwcmc.2011.5982809 · Cited by 9
Estimation method of multivariate exponential probabilities based on a simplex coordinates transform
Olieman, N. J., & van Putten, B. (2009) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/00949650802641833 · Cited by 9
Queue-aware uplink scheduling with stochastic guarantees
Rizk, A., & Fidler, M. (2016) · Computer Communications · doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2016.02.014 · Cited by 9
Va, V., & Heath, R. W. (2016) · IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference · doi:10.1109/vtcfall.2016.7881150 · Cited by 9
The average cost of Markov chains subject to total variation distance uncertainty
Malikopoulos, A. A., Charalambous, C. D., & Tzortzis, I. (2018) · Systems & Control Letters · doi:10.1016/j.sysconle.2018.08.003 · Cited by 9
Markov switching component GARCH model: Stability and forecasting
Alemohammad, N., Rezakhah, S., & Alizadeh, S. H. (2015) · Communication in Statistics- Theory and Methods · doi:10.1080/03610926.2013.841934 · Cited by 9
Food shortage driven crop residue burning and health risk
Huang, T., Ma, J., Song, S., Ling, Z., Macdonald, R. W., Gao, H. J., Tao, S., Shen, H., Liu, J., Tian, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141645 · Cited by 9
Betzler, B. R., Kiedrowski, B. C., Brown, F. B., et al. (2015) · Nuclear Engineering and Design · doi:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.07.052 · Cited by 9
Probabilistic robustness analysis of stochastic jump linear systems
Lee, K., Halder, A., & Bhattacharya, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the ... American Control Conference/Proceedings of the American Control Conference · doi:10.1109/acc.2014.6859432 · Cited by 9
Mallpress, D. E. W., Fawcett, T. W., McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (2012) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.2012.98-355 · Cited by 9
Technology adoption: Hysteresis and absence of lock-in
Colla, P., & Garcia, F. (2016) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2015.12.017 · Cited by 9
Craven, C. J. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.10167 · Cited by 9
Convolution Bootstrap Percolation Models, Markov-type Stochastic Processes, and Mock Theta Functions
Bringmann, K., Mahlburg, K., & Mellit, A. S. (2012) · International Mathematics Research Notices · doi:10.1093/imrn/rns008 · Cited by 9
Sum-Capacity of the MIMO Many-Access Gaussian Noise Channel
Cao, W., Dytso, A., Shkel, Y. Y., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Communications · doi:10.1109/tcomm.2019.2913365 · Cited by 9
The impact of lexicographic parsimony pressure for ORDER/MAJORITY on the run time
Doerr, B., Kötzing, T., Lagodzinski, J. A. G., et al. (2020) · Theoretical Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.tcs.2020.01.011 · Cited by 9
The Probability Companion for Engineering and Computer Science
Prügel‐Bennett, A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108635349 · Cited by 9
On the Identifiability of the Influence Model for Stochastic Spatiotemporal Spread Processes
He, C., Wan, Y., & Lewis, F. L. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics Systems · doi:10.1109/tsmc.2019.2946856 · Cited by 9
On the emergence of random initial conditions in fluid limits
Barbour, A. D., Chigansky, P., & Klebaner, F. C. (2016) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-143484 · Cited by 9
Leveraging statistical multiplexing gains in single- and multi-hop networks
Rizk, A., & Fidler, M. (2011) · doi:10.1109/iwqos.2011.5931352 · Cited by 9
Adaptive Design of Experiments for Sobol Indices Estimation Based on Quadratic Metamodel
Burnaev, E. V., & Panin, I. (2015) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-17091-6_4 · Cited by 9
The impact of host-cell dynamics on the fixation probability for lytic viruses
Patwa, Z., & Wahl, L. M. (2009) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.008 · Cited by 9
The cook-book approach to the differential equation method
Dı́az, J., & Mitsche, D. (2010) · Computer Science Review · doi:10.1016/j.cosrev.2010.04.002 · Cited by 9
Time Dependent Diffusion as a Mean Field Counterpart of Lévy Type Random Walk
Ahmed, D. A., & Petrovskii, S. (2015) · Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena · doi:10.1051/mmnp/201510202 · Cited by 9
A probabilistic model for the 5x+1 problem and related maps
Volkov, S. E. (2005) · Stochastic Processes and their Applications · doi:10.1016/j.spa.2005.11.007 · Cited by 9
Date, P. M., Jalen, L., & Mamon, R. S. (2009) · Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1016/j.cam.2009.11.015 · Cited by 9
Order-Invariant Measures on Fixed Causal Sets
Brightwell, G., & Luczak, M. (2012) · Combinatorics Probability Computing · doi:10.1017/s0963548311000721 · Cited by 9
Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
(2001) · The CRC Press international series on computational intelligence/International series on computational intelligence · doi:10.1201/9781420038835.ch7 · Cited by 9
Fundamental limits and achievable performance in biomolecular control
Nakahira, Y., Xiao, F., Kostina, V., & Doyle, J. C. (2018) · Proceedings of the ... American Control Conference/Proceedings of the American Control Conference · doi:10.23919/acc.2018.8430933 · Cited by 8
Likely oscillatory motions of stochastic hyperelastic solids
Mihai, L. A., Fitt, D., Woolley, T. E., et al. (2019) · Transactions of Mathematics and Its Applications · doi:10.1093/imatrm/tnz003 · Cited by 9
Hao, J., & Mislevy, R. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01011 · Cited by 9
System Administration and the Scientific Method
Burgess, M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-044452198-9.50028-8 · Cited by 9
Roughness and finite size effect in the NYSE stock-price fluctuations
Alfi, V., Coccetti, F., Petri, A., et al. (2006) · The European Physical Journal B · doi:10.1140/epjb/e2006-00240-8 · Cited by 9
Introduction to Stochastic Processes
Marco Bittelli, A., Olmi, R., & Rosa, R. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198862512.003.0003 · Cited by 9
Chen, Z. (2025) · Reliability Engineering & System Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ress.2025.111139 · Cited by 8
Using quantum states of light to probe the retinal network
Pedram, A., Müstecaplıoğlu, Ö. E., & Kominis, I. K. (2022) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.4.033060 · Cited by 8
Dabora, R., & Abakasanga, E. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.2023.3281519 · Cited by 8
Life history and deleterious mutation rate coevolution
Avila, P., & Lehmann, L. (2023) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111598 · Cited by 8
Hraivoronska, A., Schlichting, A., & Tse, O. T. C. (2024) · Numerische Mathematik · doi:10.1007/s00211-024-01445-4 · Cited by 8
Atypical information theory for real-valued data
Høst-Madsen, A., & Sabeti, E. (2015) · IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) · doi:10.1109/isit.2015.7282538 · Cited by 8
Longest Path Distance in Random Circuits
Broutin, N., & Fawzi, O. (2012) · Combinatorics Probability Computing · doi:10.1017/s0963548312000260 · Cited by 8
Interval type-2 Fuzzy Markov Chains: An approach
Figueroa–García, J. C. (2010) · Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society (NAFIPS) · doi:10.1109/nafips.2010.5548286 · Cited by 8
Reachability analysis for linear discrete time set-dynamics driven by random convex compact sets
Raković, S. V., Matei, I., & Baras, J. S. (2012) · doi:10.1109/cdc.2012.6426143 · Cited by 8
Bid Prices When Demand Is a Mix of Individual and Batch Bookings
Popescu, A., Barnes, E. R., Johnson, E., et al. (2012) · Transportation Science · doi:10.1287/trsc.1120.0420 · Cited by 8
Mahmutoglu, A. G., & Demir, A. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2376985 · Cited by 8
Quantitative Analysis of Axonal Branch Dynamics in the Developing Nervous System
Chalmers, K., Kita, E. M., Scott, E. K., & Goodhill, G. J. (2016) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004813 · Cited by 9
de la Cruz, R., Guerrero, P., Spill, F., & Alarcón, T. (2016) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.07.028 · Cited by 10
Stochastic correlation coefficient ensembles for variable selection
Che, J., & Yang, Y. (2016) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2016.1221913 · Cited by 8
On stopping rules and the sex ratio at birth
Grech, V., James, W. H., & Lauri, J. (2018) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2018.09.005 · Cited by 8
On the Usability of Big (Social) Data
Choenni, S., Netten, N., Shoae-Bargh, M., et al. (2018) · doi:10.1109/bdcloud.2018.00172 · Cited by 8
Stochastic models in seed dispersals: random walks and birth–death processes
Abdullahi, A., Shohaimi, S., Kilicman, A., & Ibrahim, M. H. (2019) · Journal of Biological Dynamics · doi:10.1080/17513758.2019.1605003 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Grimmett, G. R., & Stirzaker, D. R.
- ORCID
- Grimmett, Geoffrey R
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressOxford
- Published
- 2001-05-31
- OpenAlex
- W4388297583
- Cited by
- 1,850
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 95 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 137 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 113 · 2014: 106 · 2013: 105 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 5.56
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Mathematical Physics › Stochastic processes and statistical mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Point processes and geometric inequalities
- Keywords
- probability theory, stochastic processes, Markov chain Monte Carlo, geometric probability, coupling, Poisson approximation, large deviations, spatial Poisson process, queueing networks, stochastic calculus, Itô formula, option pricing, Black-Scholes model, sampling
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review