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Hope and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Abstract
Traumatic events can have a debilitating effect on mental health, and may lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, most people can adjust after adversity, and some even experience posttraumatic growth (PTG). Hope theory suggests that hope provides a psychological resource that can help individuals to respond to trauma with resilience. This chapter explores the role of hope as a protective factor preventing the development of PTSD, the relationship between hope and coping in the context of PTSD, and how hope may facilitate PTG. It also discusses how hope may act as a common factor across psychotherapies for the treatment of PTSD. Future research directions include investigating hope as a mechanism of change in psychotherapy for PTSD and the degree to which hope can incrementally predict PTSD and PTG beyond related types of positive thinking.
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“The UP has shown efficacy in treating anxiety,31,32 unipolar and bipolar depression,31,33 post-traumatic stress disorder,34 borderline personality disorder,35 nonsuicidal self-injury,36 alcohol abuse,37 and eating disorders.38”
From Improved quality of life and reduced depressive symptoms in medical students after a single-session intervention (2020) · cites this paper as [34]
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Gallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., & Phillips, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22882 · Cited by 264
Self-citationGallagher, M. W., Long, L. J., Richardson, A., D’Souza, J., Boswell, J. F., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.06.001 · Cited by 108
Self-citationStockdale, K. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.001.0001 · Cited by 95
Fischer, I. C., Shanahan, M. L., Hirsh, A. T., Stewart, J. C., & Rand, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.063 · Cited by 69
Bruno, F., Vozzo, F., Arcuri, D., Maressa, R., La Cava, E., Malvaso, A., Lau, C., & Chiesi, F. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03502-3 · Cited by 28
Bermudez, M. B., Costanzi, M., Macedo, M. J. A., Tatton-Ramos, T., Xavier, A. C. M., Ferrão, Y. A., Bentley, K. H., Manfro, G. G., & Dreher, C. B. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0526 · Cited by 25
The value of hope: Validation of the perceived hope scale in the Portuguese population
Marujo, H. Á., Velez, M. J., Gonçalves, S. P., Neto, L. M., Krafft, A. M., & Casais, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02115-6 · Cited by 20
“…health, e.g., anxiety, depression (Arnau et al., 2007), suicide (Beck et al., 1985), substance abuse (Mathis et al., 2009), stress, post-trauma (Long & Gallagher, 2018), wellbeing (Lee & Gallagher, 2018), purpose (Cotton Bronk et al., 2009), with academic achievement (Snyder et al., 2002), and…”
Craig, S. L., Leung, V. W. Y., Hui, J., Iacono, G., Pascoe, R. V., Dillon, F. R., Austin, A., Pang, N., Dobinson, C., & Brooks, A. S. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03314-7 · Cited by 15
“Hope is associated with greater life satisfaction and positive mental health, particularly fewer stress or anxiety disorders, among general population adolescents and young adults [38], as well as among SGDAYA [39].”
Almansa, J. F. F., Trivilin, T., Hutz, C. S., de Almeida, R. M. M., Vazquez, A. C. S., & de Freitas, C. P. P. (2022) · Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy · doi:10.47626/2237-6089-2022-0496 · Cited by 12
“45 In the correlation data, it is possible to observe that optimism, hope, and gratitude are positively related to each other, confirming the findings of Witvliet et al., 46 Kardas et al., 47 Vazquez et al., 29 and Biber et al. 48 However, it was notable that the relationship between gratitude and…”
ResultFleming, W. H. (2020) · Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling Advancing theory and professional practice through scholarly and reflective publications · doi:10.1177/1542305020919684 · Cited by 10
“Targeting these psychological states has been shown to impact symptoms associated with trauma and affect treatment outcomes (Gilman et al., 2012; Irving et al., 1997; Long & Gallagher, 2018; Marco et al., 2016; Norman et al., 2014; Owens et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMaftei, A., & Butnariu, I. M. (2024) · Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/17450128.2024.2389392 · Cited by 7
The role of hope in psychodynamic therapy (PDT) for complex PTSD (C-PTSD)
Levi, O. (2019) · Journal of Social Work Practice · doi:10.1080/02650533.2019.1648246 · Cited by 7
“This included dealing with the sense of hopelessness which scholars suggest is a support link between hope and trauma (Gallagher & Long, 2018).”
BackgroundIntroducing Resilience Outcome Expectations: New Avenues for Resilience Research and Practice
Hephsebha, J., & Deb, A. (2024) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-024-00164-3 · Cited by 11
“Besides contributing to the improvement in psychological health and well-being (Carver et al., 2010; Conversano et al., 2010; Long & Gallagher, 2018), positive expectancies are also inversely associated with psychological distress markers, including aspects of depression, anxiety (Rand, 2018) and…”
Hope, Mindfulness, PTSD, and Well-Being Among Trauma-Exposed Black Adults
Murphy, E. R., Brooks, J. R., & Gallagher, M. W. (2025) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-025-00864-w · Cited by 2
“Hope has been established as a trait that is associated with lower levels of PTSD and higher levels of growth from adversity (Gallagher et al., 2020 ; Gallagher & Lopez, 2017; Long, 2022 ; Long & Gallagher, 2018 ).”
Self-citationResponding to Adverse Childhood Experiences
Hellman, C. M., Pharris, A. B., & Muñoz, R. T. (2023) · Advances in Social Work · doi:10.18060/25632 · Cited by 2
Regnoli, G. M., Tiano, G., Krafft, A. M., & Rosa, B. D. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-08801-z · Cited by 1
“…the construct of hope has garnered increasing interest among researchers, both due to the growing uncertainty and instability associated with contemporary sociopolitical, al., 2007 ; Long & Gallagher, 2018 ), as well as in mitigating the risk of suicide and substance abuse (Mathis et al., 2009).”
A Simulation Training to Prepare Camp Counselors for Working With Children at Camp HOPE America
Pharris, A. B., Miller‐Cribbs, J., Bragg, J. E., Goodwin, B., & Hellman, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2022.1174 · Cited by 2
“In the context of adversity and trauma, hope has been shown to buffer stress and promote positive outcomes for children and youth who have experienced trauma and adversity (Cheavens et al., 2006; Hellman et al., 2018; Long & Gallagher, 2018; Munoz et al., 2017).”
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0003
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0002
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0006 · Cited by 1
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0004
Losing Hope, Becoming Embittered
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0005
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0001
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.003.0007
الصایم, ر. ش. (2022) · مجلة جامعة الفيوم للعلوم التربوية والنفسية · doi:10.21608/jfust.2022.130780.1631
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr9
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr8
Bröcker, E. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr7
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr5
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr6
Bröcker, E. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr4
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr2
Bröcker, E., Scheffler, F., Suliman, S., et al. (2024) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr3
Bröcker, E. (2023) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2024.34.pr1
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.002.0004
Stockdale, K. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197563564.002.0005
Gallagher, M. W., Smith, L. J., Murphy, E. R., et al. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197618240.003.0027
Self-citationAttachment, Hope, and Post-traumatic Growth in the Face of Ongoing War
Confino, D., Einav, M., Rosenstreich, E., & Margalit, M. (2026) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-026-00309-6
“Our results align with previous studies demonstrating how hope promotes PTG (e.g., Long & Gallagher, 2018), further underscoring its central role as a bridge between attachment security and growth.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Long, L. J., & Gallagher, M. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Houston (US)
- University of Kansas (US)
- Venue
- Oxford Handbooks Online
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press
- Published
- 2017-11-06
- OpenAlex
- W2775719369
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.19
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Oxford University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- hope, post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic growth, hope theory, resilience, coping, protective factors, trauma, positive thinking
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