The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Low Levels of Sex Hormone-binding Globulin and Testosterone Predict the Development of Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Men
Abstract
Few prospective data are available regarding the association of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), testosterone, and the risk of developing diabetes. Stored fasting serum samples from participants enrolled in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) at 22 centers throughout the United States from December 1973 through February 1976 were used to perform a nested case- control study. For 176 initially nondiabetic men who had developed diabetes during 5 years of follow-up, two controls were selected, one matched only for randomization date, treatment group, and clinic ("loose controls") and the other matched additionally for fasting glucose and body mass index ("tight controls"). When cases were compared with lose controls, higher levels of fasting insulin and lower levels of total and free testosterone and SHBG were significantly associated with increased development of diabetes. However, when cases were compared with tightly matched controls, these associations weakened considerably. Low SHBG and testosterone may constitute part of the prediabetic state in men along with previously reported variables, such as higher glucose and insulin levels and obesity.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Low testosterone levels have also been found to predict insulin resistance and the future development of type 2 diabetes (3-5).”
From Clinical and Biochemical Assessment of Hypogonadism in Men With Type 2 Diabetes (2007) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 319
Hypogonadism in men with type 2 diabetes
Jones, T. H. (2007) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1117 · Cited by 15
Comparison of Testosterone Levels in Patients With and Without Type 2 Diabetes
Kumari, N., Khan, A., Shaikh, U. H., Lobes, K., Kumar, D., Suman, F., Bhutto, N. S., Anees, F., Shahid, S., & Rizwan, A. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.16288 · Cited by 14
Current Management and Controversies Surrounding Andropause
Mian, A., Yang, D. Y., & Köhler, T. (2022) · Urologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2022.07.003 · Cited by 17
Hackett, G. I. (2017) · Sexual Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.sxmr.2017.02.002 · Cited by 13
Testosterone, obesity, diabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Jones, T. H., & Channer, K. S. (2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139003353.012 · Cited by 13
Adamkiewicz, M., Zgliczyńki, S., Slowinska-Srzednicka, J., Pietrzyk, E., Rabijewski, M., Srzednicki, M., Gardas, A., & Sadowski, Z. (1999) · The Aging Male · doi:10.3109/13685539909003180 · Cited by 12
Erectile dysfunction and testosterone deficiency as cardiovascular risk factors?
Hackett, G. I., & Kirby, M. G. (2018) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.13054 · Cited by 12
Hackett, G. I. (2012) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2012.02922.x · Cited by 13
More on the Analog Free-Testosterone Assay
Ooi, D. S., & Donnelly, J. G. (1999) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/45.5.714a · Cited by 12
Fodor, L., Belčić, V., Korbar, A. O., Ćurković, S., Vujičić, B., Gulin, T., Muslim, J., Gulin, M., Grgurević, M., & Ćuti, E. Ć. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13247717 · Cited by 11
“Testosterone deprivation reduces glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) expression in liver tissue, leading to hyperglycemia, low insulin levels, and decreased glucose uptake in adipose and skeletal muscle tissue [45].”
Age-Related Changes in the Male Reproductive System
Bhasin, S., Gagliano‐Jucá, T., Huang, G. T.-W., & Basaria, S. S. (2000) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 18
Gonadal and erectile dysfunction in diabetics
Hijazi, R. A., Betancourt-Albrecht, M., & Cunningham, G. R. (2004) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2004.04.007 · Cited by 10
Lu, W., Zheng, S., Zhou, J., Huang, S., Chen, N., & Li, Z. (2023) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s401397 · Cited by 9
Clinical awareness and diagnosis of male hypogonadism
Jones, T. H. (2008) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2008.03.014 · Cited by 9
“Longitudinal population studies including the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) [22], the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT) [23] and the Rancho Bernardo [24] have found that low levels of testosterone and SHBG are independent risk factors for the later occurrence of type 2…”
Mohammadrezaei, A., Ardekani, A. M., Farhangi, M. A., Abbasi, M. M., & Mousavi, R. (2023) · Nutrition and Metabolic Insights · doi:10.1177/11786388231155006 · Cited by 8
Ford, E. S., & Liu, S. (2005) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwi148 · Cited by 8
“Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial.”
Hsu, P.-S., Hung, C.-L., Tu, S.-K., Chen, H.-H., Yang, D., & Liao, C. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2021/1347588 · Cited by 8
Harris, S. C., & Bajaj, J. S. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2446390 · Cited by 8
“31 The treatments for the pathologic sequelae of cirrhosis have also been implicated as causes of sexual dysfunction in cirrhosis.”
Ahmadi, R., & Oryan, S. (2008) · Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences · doi:10.3923/pjbs.2008.306.308 · Cited by 7
Association of Male Infertility to Metabolic Syndrome and Other Related Disorders
Kumar, S., Agrawal, D., Sharma, K. M., & Swain, T. (2015) · Journal of integrative nephrology and andrology · doi:10.4103/2225-1243.168524 · Cited by 7
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes
Ley, S. H., & Meigs, J. B. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-27317-4_5-1 · Cited by 7
Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Žiaran, S. (2011) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/28243 · Cited by 7
“Epidemiological studies have shown that low TST levels predict the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (103, 104, 105).”
BackgroundTestosterone Therapy and Glucose Homeostasis in Men with Testosterone Deficiency (Hypogonadism)
Saad, F. (2017) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_23 · Cited by 6
Shaving, Coronary Heart Disease, and Stroke: The Caerphilly Study
Ebrahim, S. B. J. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf201 · Cited by 7
Guo, W., Zhao, S., Chang, Q., Sun, J., Fan, Y., & Liu, J. (2025) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-025-02436-6 · Cited by 6
Testosterone and abnormal glucose metabolism in an inner-city cohort
Monroe, A. K., Dobs, A. S., Cofrancesco, J., & Brown, T. T. (2012) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2012.03.010 · Cited by 6
“When specifically examining FT level, the association with DM persists in some studies [2,16,17] but not all [18,19].”
Sante, S. D., Conners, W. P., & Morgentaler, A. (2011) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02557.x · Cited by 6
Noda, M., & Mizoue, T. (2010) · Cited by 6
Agbecha, A., & Usoro, C. (2017) · Journal of Medical Society · doi:10.4103/jms.jms_84_16 · Cited by 6
ABCD position statement on the management of hypogonadal males with type 2 diabetes
Dhatariya, K., Nagi, D. K., & Jones, T. H. (2010) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1535 · Cited by 6
Plasma testosterone in adult normoglycaemic men: impact of hyperinsulinaemia
Praveen, E. P., Khurana, M. L., Kulshreshtha, B., Dwivedi, S. N., Prabhakaran, D., Khadgawat, R., Gupta, N., Kumar, G. S. H., & Ammini, A. C. (2012) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0272.2012.01278.x · Cited by 7
Torre, E. L. M., Valdés, S., Botas, P., Delgado, E., & Abello, N. (2011) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2010.10.003 · Cited by 5
Cardiovascular disease and testosterone therapy in male hypogonadism
de Silva, N. L., Grant, B., Minhas, S., & Jayasena, C. N. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15211 · Cited by 6
Hong, E. S., Kim, S. Y., Choi, Y. J., Kim, S. W., Shin, C. S., Park, K. S., Jang, H. C., Kim, S. Y., Cho, B.-Y., & Lee, H. K. (2005) · Journal of Korean Endocrine Society · doi:10.3803/jkes.2005.20.3.252 · Cited by 5
Testosterone Replacement Therapy: Who to Evaluate, What to Use, How to Follow, and Who is at Risk?
Afiadata, A., & ELLSWORTH, P. I. (2014) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.3810/hp.2014.12.1160 · Cited by 5
Bajaj, S., Srivastava, A., Varma, A., & Tiwari, A. (2016) · Sri Lanka Journal of Diabetes Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4038/sjdem.v6i1.7300 · Cited by 5
Zou, B., Sasaki, H., & Kumagai, S. (2004) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2004.2.39 · Cited by 4
Allan, C. A., & McLachlan, R. I. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-5583-9.00139-8 · Cited by 5
Mores, S. M., Franch-Nadal, J., Mauricio, D., & Vlacho, B. (2026) · Frontiers in Clinical Diabetes and Healthcare · doi:10.3389/fcdhc.2026.1781581 · Cited by 7
“Conversely, low circulating testosterone levels are associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM, particularly in individuals with obesity and multiple metabolic syndrome components (29).”
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Type 2 Diabetes
Ley, S. H., & Meigs, J. B. (2018) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45015-5_5 · Cited by 7
Glucose tolerance and plasma testosterone concentrations in men. Results of the Asturias Study
Torre, E. L. M., Valdés, S., Botas, P., Delgado, E., & Abello, N. (2011) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2173-5093(11)70030-7 · Cited by 4
Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin and Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: A Focus on Puberty
Aydın, B. K., & Winters, S. J. (2025) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo15080494 · Cited by 4
“Among Latinos, SHBG levels were lower in teenage Mexican-American boys [96], adult women [97], teenage girls [92], and adult Latino women with PCOS [98] than in Caucasians.”
Winters, S. J. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-585-38145-9_6 · Cited by 3
Vásquez-Tirado, G. A., Guarniz-Salavarria, J. D., Quispe-Castañeda, C. V., Contreras-Cabrera, J. M., Cuadra-Campos, M. D. C., Meregildo-Rodríguez, E. D., Segura-Plasencia, N. M., & Arbayza-Ávalos, Y. K. (2024) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-024-04019-4 · Cited by 3
“Of the twenty-two studies included, all had low risk of bias, evaluated through NOS, except for Haffner et al. [31] who presented high risk of bias.”
InfluentialAndrogen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Effects on Body Composition and Metabolic Health
Huang, G. T.-W., & Basaria, S. S. (2017) · Energy balance and cancer · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-64940-5_7 · Cited by 2
Testostérone plasmatique, obésité, syndrome métabolique et diabète
Prévost, G., Eas, F., & Kuhn, J. (2013) · La Presse Médicale · doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2013.04.023 · Cited by 3
Role of testosterone and cortisol in metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Álvarez, A. Á., Suárez, R. M. G., Ramirez-Marrero, M. A., & Falcón (2010) · Revista cubana de endocrinología · Cited by 3
Allan, C. A., & McLachlan, R. I. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-18907-1.00139-6 · Cited by 4
Bahia, L., Dimetz, T., Gazolla, H. M., Clemente, E. L. S., & Gomes, M. B. (2000) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302000000300009 · Cited by 2
Ding, M., Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Ye, Y., Li, L., Huang, J., Chen, X., Yang, D., & Zhao, X. (2021) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2020.0071 · Cited by 2
Chodari, L., Pourheydar, B., Dariushnejad, H., Jamshidi, S., Khalaji, N., & Ghorbanzadeh, V. (2021) · Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology · doi:10.1590/1678-4324-2021200037 · Cited by 2
The association between sex hormone-binding globulin and type 2 diabetes in Nigerian men
Abbiyesuku, F. M., Agbakwuru, A. N., & Olawale, O. O. (2013) · African Journal of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.4102/ajlm.v2i1.44 · Cited by 2
Possible effects of androgens on Islet Cell Functions
Şahi̇n, M., & Delibaşı, T. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.12.044 · Cited by 2
Rivera-Arkoncel, M. L. C., Sagun, M., Arkoncel, F. R. P., Jimeno, C., & Lapitan, M. C. (2014) · Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies · doi:10.15605/jafes.029.01.06 · Cited by 2
Georgescu, O., Reghina, A. D., Ioacără, S., Nica, C., & Fica, S. V. (2013) · Romanian Journal of Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.2478/rjdnmd-2013-0040 · Cited by 2
“several important studies [6,7] showed low testosterone (total or bioavailable fractions) to be”
Evidence of male hypogonadism at an early age as a familial risk of type 2 diabetes
Janjua, Q. M., Shahid, A., Alam, R., Rizwan, M., Saeed, S., Qazi, M. H., & Arslan, M. (2015) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2015.10.005 · Cited by 2
“[8] Haffner SM, Shaten J, Stern MP, et al.”
BackgroundMohammad, A. A., Laleh, B., Ardakani, J. M., Chiti, Z., Rashidi, M., & Azod, L. (2010) · Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity · Cited by 2
Peak, T. C., Gür, S., & Hellstrom, W. J. G. (2016) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-016-0065-2 · Cited by 2
Rolf, C., & Nieschlag, E. (2001) · Andrology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-04491-9_21 · Cited by 2
Bansal, D. P., Kumar, P., Pathak, P., & Manglunia, A. (2017) · Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences · doi:10.14260/jemds/2017/405 · Cited by 2
Alhammer, A. H. (2015) · Journal of Biotechnology Research Center · doi:10.24126/jobrc.2015.9.1.391 · Cited by 2
[Action of androgens on fat distribution and metabolic balance].
Tostain, J.-B., Heim, M., & Rossi, D. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 1
Hormonersatztherapie beim Mann - Sinn oder Unsinn?
Jockenhövel, F., & Schubert, M. (2003) · Journal für Kardiologie (Krause & Pachernegg GmbH) · Cited by 2
Hwang, H., Kim, Y. S., Sunwoo, S., Yu, B.-Y., Bae, W.-K., Park, J. S., Park, Y., Park, Y.-K., Yang, Y. J., Kim, C.-M., et al. (2013) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1089/jomh.2013.1505 · Cited by 1
“21 Abdominal obesity is a major cause of insulin resistance and is strongly linked to the development of impaired glucose tolerance; an increase in deposits of adipose tissue in hypogonadal subjects leads to a decrease in testosterone concentrations because of the increased conversion of…”
The clinical importance of testosterone in men with type 2 diabetes
Hackett, G. I. (2010) · Trends in Urology & Men s Health · doi:10.1002/tre.159 · Cited by 1
Metabolic syndrome in men with sexual dysfunction
Talukder, S. K., Afsana, F., & Khan, S. J. (2010) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2010.07.001 · Cited by 1
Influência da idade e do diabetes sobre esteróides sexuais e SHBG em homens
Bahia, L., & Gomes, M. B. (2003) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302003000300009 · Cited by 1
Testosterone Treatment Improves Insulin Resistance in Japanese Male Metabolic Syndrome
Ueshiba, H. (2013) · Journal of Steroids & Hormonal Science · doi:10.4172/2157-7536.1000116 · Cited by 1
METABOLI) SYNDROME AND MALE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
Burmistrova, T. A., & Zykova, T. A. (2012) · CyberLeninK (CyberLeninka) · Cited by 1
Sicińska-Werner, T., & Medraś, M. (2010) · Advances in Clinical and Experimental Medicine · Cited by 1
The Efficacy of Testosterone Ointment on Insulin Resistance in Men with Metabolic Syndrome
Ueshiba, H. (2017) · Journal of Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.4172/2167-0943.1000225 · Cited by 1
Agarwal, S., Kumar, B. N., Sushmita, Giri, R., & Verma, S. K. (2019) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192481
Stanton, A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00034-0 · Cited by 2
Urological disease in diabetic patient
Ryšánková, M., & Hurtová, M. (2022) · Urologie pro praxi · doi:10.36290/uro.2022.005 · Cited by 1
Diabetes mellitus urological complication
Ryšánková, M. (2023) · Vnitřní lékařství · doi:10.36290/vnl.2023.026 · Cited by 1
Grossmann, M., & Wittert, G. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15188 · Cited by 2
Tiwari, A., & Srivastava, A. (2016) · Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare · doi:10.18410/jebmh/2016/975 · Cited by 1
Traish, A. M., Saad, F., & Guay, A. T. (2008) · Cited by 1
Prostate Cancer Incidence Among Men Using Statins, Finasteride or Antidiabetic Drugs
Murtola, T. J. (2009) · Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) · Cited by 1
Hackett, G. I. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118954621.ch13 · Cited by 1
Heterozygous Hnf1a Mutation in Mice Reveals Multiple Pathogenic Mechanisms of HNF1A-MODYPreprint
Bonner, C., Acosta-Montalvo, A., Louvet, I., Saponaro, C., Moreno-Lopez, M., Thévenet, J., Delalleau, N., Gmyr, V., Giacobini, P., Espiard, S., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-6369014/v1 · Cited by 1
Gómez, J. M., Maravall, F. J., & Ramon, J. S. (2007) · Estudis Romànics (Institut d'Estudis Catalans)
Hong, E. Y., Lee, S. W., Kang, J. G., Kim, C. S., Ihm, S. H., Yoo, H. J., & Lee, S. J. (2010) · The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine
Déficit androgénico y síndrome metabólico
Hernández, J. J. C. (2007) · Revista Internacional de Andrología · doi:10.1016/s1698-031x(07)74065-7
Mohasseb, M., Nour, H. A., El-Sawaf, A., & Khalil, G. I. (2013) · Alexandria Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ajme.2013.10.004
Hall, S. A., Page, S. T., Travison, T. G., Montgomery, B., Link, C. L., & McKinlay, J. B. (2007) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.07.024
artigo original Influência da Idade e do Diabetes Sobre Esteróides Sexuais e SHBG em Homens
Bahia, L., & Gomes, M. B. (2003)
Review Testosterone and Erectile Dysfunction
Yassin, A. A., Saad, F., & Schering, B. (2008)
Hypogonadal or Not Hypogonadal: That is the Question
Winters, S. J. (1998) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.4.6.423
Low Testosterone Levels in Male Patients with Hypertension,
Agarwal, S. K. (2015)
Short title - Testosterone and Erectile Dysfunction
Yassin, A. A., Saad, F., & Schering, B. (2008)
Mandal, P. K., Majumdar, G., Ghosh, S., Swaika, S., Chakraborty, M., & Swaika, B. C. (2013) · Journal of Advances in Medicine
Pitfalls of Androgen Deprivation Therapy
Morgans, A. K., & Smith, M. R. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-259-9_23
Humana, C. D. M., & Humana, B. D. M. (2008)
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Disorders Review Article
Ediz, C., & Altıntaş, R. (2014)
REGULATION OF ANDROGEN ACTION BY SEX HORMONE-BINDING GLOBULIN
Hong, E. (2011) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0105101 · Cited by 1
13. Late Onset Hypogonadism Syndrome
Horie, S. (2013) · Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi · doi:10.2169/naika.102.914
Testosterone and Risk Factors in the Metabolic Syndrome: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction
Guay, A. T., & Traish, A. M. (2011)
Стан статевої функції у чоловіків, хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу
Luchytskyi, V. Y. (2016) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) · doi:10.22141/2224-0721.4.68.2015.75018
Metadata
- Authors
- Haffner, S. M., Shaten, J., Stem, M. P., Smith, G. D., Kuller, L., & MRFIT Research Group
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shaten, J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1996-05-01
- Volume
- 143
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 889-897
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2132837172
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r37hl036820-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R37HL36820, R01HL024799, HL43232, R01HL043232, R01HL24799)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- sex hormone-binding globulin, testosterone, type 2 diabetes, type 2 diabetes risk, prediabetes, fasting insulin, free testosterone, men, Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial, obesity, fasting blood glucose
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Fasting, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies, Matched-Pair Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
