The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Risk of Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HlV-1)-infected Homosexual Men
Abstract
The authors sought to determine if different levels of dietary intake of micronutrients are associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). A total of 281 HIV-1 seropositive homosexual/bisexual men were seen semiannually since 1984 at the Baltimore/Washington, DC site of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Participants completed a self-administered semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Levels of daily micronutrient intake at baseline were examined in relation to subsequent progression to AIDS (1987 Centers for Disease Control definition; n = 108) during a median follow-up period of 6.8 years. For each nutrient, the authors used a Cox proportional hazards model to adjust for age, presence of symptoms, CD4+ lymphocyte count, energy intake, use of antiretrovirals, and use of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis. The highest levels of total intake (from food and supplements) of vitamins C and B1 and niacin were associated with a significantly decreased progression rate to AIDS: vitamin C (relative hazard (RH) = 0.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.34-0.91), vitamin B1 (RH = 0.60, 95% CI 0.36-0.98), and niacin (RH = 0.52, 95% CI 0.31-0.86). The relation between total vitamin A intake and progression to AIDS appeared to be U-shaped; the lowest and highest quartiles of intake did most poorly, while the middle two quartiles were associated with significantly slower progression to AIDS (RH = 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.88). Increased intake of zinc was monotonically and significantly associated with an increased risk of progression to AIDS (for highest vs. lowest quartiles, RH = 2.06, 95% CI 1.16-3.64). In a final multinutrient model, vitamin A, niacin, and zinc remained significantly associated with progression to AIDS, while vitamin C was only marginally significant.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cited by
A Randomized Trial of Multivitamin Supplements and HIV Disease Progression and Mortality
Fawzi, W. W., Msamanga, G. I., Spiegelman, D., Wei, R., Kapiga, S., Villamor, E., Mwakagile, D., Mugusi, F., Hertzmark, E., Essex, M., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040541 · Cited by 446
Maternal vitamin A deficiency and mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1
Semba, R. D., Chiphangwi, J. D., Miotti, P. G., Dallabetta, G. A., Hoover, D. R., Canner, J. K., & Saah, A. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)93056-2 · Cited by 417
Self-citationUndernutrition, infection and immune function
Calder, P. C., & Jackson, A. A. (2000) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/095442200108728981 · Cited by 286
Determination of optimal vitamin C requirements in humans
Levine, M., Dhariwal, K., Welch, R., Wang, Y., & Park, J. (1995) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/62.6.1347s · Cited by 149
Metadata
- Authors
- Tang, A. M., Graham, N. M. H., Kirby, A. J., McCall, L. D., Willett, W. C., & Saah, A. J.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1993-12-01
- Volume
- 138
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 937-951
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2121753052
- Cited by
- 252
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 3.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Risk of Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HlV-1)-infected Homosexual Men. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116814
- The paper
- Tang, A. M., Graham, N. M. H., Kirby, A. J., McCall, L. D., Willett, W. C., & Saah, A. J. (1993). Dietary Micronutrient Intake and Risk of Progression to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HlV-1)-infected Homosexual Men. American Journal of Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116814
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
