Invited Commentary: Ecologic Studies—Biases, Misconceptions, and Counterexamples

Ecological Correlations and the Behavior of Individuals

Robinson, W. S. (1950) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2087176 · Cited by 4,547

Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Misspecified Models

White, H. (1983) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912004 · Cited by 3,705

THE ECOLOGICAL FALLACY

PIANTADOSI, S., Byar, D. P., & Green, S. B. (1988) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114892 · Cited by 863

Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research.

Morgenstern, H. (1982) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.72.12.1336 · Cited by 795

Cigarette smoking and bronchial carcinoma: dose and time relationships among regular smokers and lifelong non-smokers.

Doll, R., & Peto, R. (1978) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.32.4.303 · Cited by 698

Ecological Bias, Confounding, and Effect Modification

GREENLAND, S., & MORGENSTERN, H. (1989) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/18.1.269 · Cited by 540

A Rule for Inferring Individual-Level Relationships from Aggregate Data

Firebaugh, G. (1978) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094779 · Cited by 393

Direct and Indirect Effects in Vaccine Efficacy and Effectiveness

Halloran, M. E., Haber, M., Longini, I. M., & Struchiner, C. J. (1991) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115884 · Cited by 297

Divergent biases in ecologic and individual‐level studies

Greenland, S. (1992) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4780110907 · Cited by 175

Difficulties with Regression Analyses of Age-Adjusted Rates

Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1984) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531396 · Cited by 154

The potential for bias in Cohen's ecological analysis of lung cancer and residential radon

Lubin, J. H. (2002) · Journal of Radiological Protection · doi:10.1088/0952-4746/22/2/302 · Cited by 26

The association of dietary folate, B6, and B12 with cardiovascular mortality in Spain: an ecological analysis

Medrano, M. J., Sierra, M. J., Almazán‐Isla, J., Olalla, M. T., & López‐Abente, G. (2000) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.90.10.1636 · Cited by 26

Selection of Ecologic Covariates in the American Cancer Society Study

Willis, A., Krewski, D. R., Jerrett, M., Goldberg, M. S., & Burnett, R. T. (2003) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health · doi:10.1080/15287390306425 · Cited by 26

Rates of postmortem examination in Austria

Waldhoer, T., Berzlanovich, A. M., Vutuc, C., & Haidinger, G. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(03)00076-3 · Cited by 26

Assessing the impact of the local environment on birth outcomes: a case for HLM

Williams, B. L., Pennock‐Román, M., Suen, H. K., Magsumbol, M. S., & Ozdenerol, E. (2006) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/sj.jes.7500537 · Cited by 25

Geographic‐based ecological correlation studies using supplemental case–control data

Haneuse, S., & Wakefield, J. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2979 · Cited by 25

Firearms, Youth Homicide, and Public Health

Levine, R. S., Goldzweig, I., Kilbourne, B. S., & Juárez, P. D. (2012) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2012.0015 · Cited by 25

Population- And Individual-Based Approaches To The Design And Analysis Of Epidemiologic Studies Of Sexually Transmitted Disease Transmission

Shiboski, S. C., & PADIAN, N. S. (1996) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/174.supplement_2.s188 · Cited by 25

A survey of 222Rn concentrations in dwellings of the town of Metsovo in North-western Greece

Ioannides, K. G., Stamoulis, K., & Papachristodoulou, C. (2000) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/00004032-200012000-00016 · Cited by 25

The impact of socio-economic status on all-cause mortality after percutaneous coronary intervention: an observational cohort study of 13,770 patients

Jones, D. A., Howard, J. P., Rathod, K. S., Gallagher, S., Knight, C. J., Jain, A., Mathur, A., MOHIDDIN, S. A., Mills, P. G., Timmis, A., et al. (2015) · EuroIntervention · doi:10.4244/eijv10i10a196 · Cited by 24

Spatial variation in nitrogen dioxide concentrations and cardiopulmonary hospital admissions

Dijkema, M., van Strien, R. T., van der Zee, S. C., Mallant, S. F., Fischer, P. H., Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., & Gehring, U. (2016) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.008 · Cited by 24

Design issues in cohort studies

Prentice, R. L. (1995) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/096228029500400402 · Cited by 24

National taxation on sugar-sweetened beverages and its association with overweight, obesity, and diabetes

Sassano, M., Castagna, C., Villani, L., Quaranta, G., Pastorino, R., Ricciardi, W., & Boccia, S. (2024) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.12.013 · Cited by 23

A Historical Survey of Key Epidemiological Studies of Ionizing Radiation Exposure

Little, M. P., Bаzyка, D., de González, A. B., Brenner, A. V., Chumak, V. V., Cullings, H. M., Daniels, R. D., French, B. C., Grant, E. J., Hamada, N., et al. (2024) · Radiation Research · doi:10.1667/rade-24-00021.1 · Cited by 23

Estimating Individual-Level Risk in Spatial Epidemiology Using Spatially Aggregated Information on the Population at Risk

Diggle, P. J., Guan, Y., Hart, A. C., Paize, F., & Stanton, M. C. (2010) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2010.ap09323 · Cited by 23

Contexto sócio-econômico e percepção da saúde bucal em uma população de adultos no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: uma análise multinível

Tassinari, W. D. S., de León, A. P., Werneck, G. L., Faerstein, E., Lopes, C. D. S., Chor, D., & Nadanovsky, P. (2007) · Cadernos de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0102-311x2007000100014 · Cited by 23

Epidemiological Association between Some Dietary Habits and the Increasing Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Worldwide

Muntoni, S., & Muntoni, S. (2005) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000089559 · Cited by 22

Effects of systematic exposure assessment errors in partially ecologic case-control studies

Björk, J., & Strömberg, U. (2002) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/31.1.154 · Cited by 22

Car Phones and Car Crashes: An Ecologic Analysis

Min, S. T., & Redelmeier, D. A. (1998) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404465 · Cited by 22

The evolving role of dedicated weaning facilities in critical care

Kahn, J. M. (2009) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-009-1672-4 · Cited by 22

Reducing Bias in Ecological Studies: An Evaluation of Different Methodologies

Lancaster, G., Green, M., & Lane, S. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/j.1467-985x.2006.00418.x · Cited by 23

Meteorological Factors Affecting Infectious Diarrhea in Different Climate Zones of China

Yang, M., Chen, C., Zhang, X., Du, Y., Jiang, D., Yan, D., Liu, X., Ding, C., Lan, L., Lei, H., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811511 · Cited by 21

Constructing public health policies in post crisis countries: lessons to learn from the associations between free-sugars consumption and diabetes, obesity and dental caries before, during and after sanctions in Iraq

Joury, E., Al-Kaabi, R., & Tappuni, A. R. (2016) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-016-0745-4 · Cited by 21

Changes in dental caries and sugar intake before and during the conflict in Libya: A natural experiment

Arheiam, A., Harris, R. V., & Baker, S. R. (2020) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12526 · Cited by 21

Abortion legislation, maternal healthcare, fertility, female literacy, sanitation, violence against women and maternal deaths: a natural experiment in 32 Mexican states

Koch, E. S., Chireau, M. V., Pliego, F., Stanford, J. B., Haddad, S., Calhoun, B. C., Aracena-Parks, P., Gómez‐Bravo, M. Á., Gatica, S., & Thorp, J. M. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006013 · Cited by 23

Pollution Atmosphérique et Santé: Corrélation ou Causalité? Le Cas de la Relation entre l'Exposition aux Particules et la Mortalité Cardio-pulmonaire

Dab, W., Ségala, C., Dor, F., Festy, B., Lameloise, P., Moullec, Y. L., Tertre, A. L., Médina, S., Quénel, P., Wallaert, B., et al. (2001) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10473289.2001.10464268 · Cited by 20

Correlating element atmospheric deposition and cancer mortality in Portugal: Data handling and preliminary results

Sarmento, S. M., Wolterbeek, H. T., Verburg, T. G., & Freitas, M. C. (2007) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.06.039 · Cited by 20

How Dangerous Is Low Level Radiation?

Cohen, B. L. (1995) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb01336.x · Cited by 20

Comments on the Papers by Guthrie and Sheppard, Best et al., Chambers and Steel and Darby et al.

Armstrong, B. (2001) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · doi:10.1111/1467-985x.00197 · Cited by 20

Comparison of Mortality Disparities in Central Appalachian Coal- and Non—Coal-Mining Counties

Woolley, S. M., Meacham, S., Balmert, L. C., Talbott, E. O., & Buchanich, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000435 · Cited by 19

Effects of small doses of ionising radiation

Doll, R. (1998) · Journal of Radiological Protection · doi:10.1088/0952-4746/18/3/003 · Cited by 19

The association of voter turnout with county-level coronavirus disease 2019 occurrence early in the pandemic

Flanders, W. D., Flanders, W. D., & Goodman, M. G. (2020) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2020.06.011 · Cited by 20

Health-Exposure Modelling and the Ecological Fallacy

Wakefield, J., & Shaddick, G. (2005) · Collection of Biostatistics Research Archive (COBRA) · Cited by 18

Modelos de inferência causal: análise crítica da utilização da estatística na epidemiologia

Czeresnia, D., & de Albuquerque, M. D. F. M. (1995) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.1590/s0034-89101995000500012 · Cited by 18

The evaluation of needle exchange programs.

Vlahov, D., & Brookmeyer, R. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.12.1889 · Cited by 18

The politics of COVID-19: Government response in comparative perspective

Landman, T., & Smallman-Raynor, M. R. (2023) · Political Geography · doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102957 · Cited by 17

eiCompare: Comparing Ecological Inference Estimates across EI and EI:RC

Collingwood, L., Oskooii, K. A. R., Garcia-Rios, S., & Barreto, M. A. (2016) · The R Journal · doi:10.32614/rj-2016-035 · Cited by 17

Neighbourhood unemployment and other socio-demographic predictors of emergency hospitalisation for infectious intestinal disease in England: A longitudinal ecological study

Rose, T. C., Adams, N. L., Whitehead, M. M., Wickham, S. L., O’Brien, S. J., Hawker, J. I., Taylor-Robinson, D. C., Violato, M., & Barr, B. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.048 · Cited by 17

A Hierarchical Aggregate Data Model with Spatially Correlated Disease Rates

Guthrie, K. A., Sheppard, L. A., & Wakefield, J. (2002) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2002.00898.x · Cited by 17

Test of the Linear-No Threshold Theory: Rationale for Procedures

Cohen, B. L. (2005) · Dose-Response · doi:10.2203/dose-response.003.03.007 · Cited by 17

Evolution of Cancer Epidemiology

Linet, M. S. (2000) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a018023 · Cited by 17

EditorialContrasting individual level and aggregate level studies in alcohol research? combining them is the answer!

Gmel, G. E., Rehm, J. T., & Room, R. (2004) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/1606635031000155107 · Cited by 17

Applications of Population Counts Based on Administrative Data at Local Level

Harper, G., & Mayhew, L. D. (2011) · Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1007/s12061-011-9062-z · Cited by 16

Association of cigarette smoking, obesity, and underlying medical conditions with COVID-19 hospitalization and mortality in Iran: A nationwide retrospective ecological study

Khorrami, Z., Nili, S., Sharifi, H. P., Eybpoosh, S., & Shokoohi, M. (2020) · Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran · doi:10.47176/mjiri.34.133 · Cited by 16

eco:RPackage for Ecological Inference in 2 × 2 Tables

Imai, K., Lu, Y., & Strauss, A. B. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v042.i05 · Cited by 16

Combining Aggregate and Individual Level Data to Estimate an Individual Level Correlation Coefficient

Raghunathan, T. E., Diehr, P. K., & Cheadle, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/10769986028001001 · Cited by 16

Female Breast Cancer and Trihalomethane Levels in Drinking Water in North Carolina

Marcus, P. M., Savitz, D. A., Millikan, R. C., & Morgenstern, H. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00009 · Cited by 16

Do U.S. county data disprove linear no‐threshold predictions of lung cancer risk for residential radon?‐A preliminary assessment of biological plausibility

Bogen, K. T. (1997) · Human and Ecological Risk Assessment An International Journal · doi:10.1080/10807039709383679 · Cited by 16

Counterpoint: Time-series studies of acute health events and environmental conditions are not confounded by personal risk factors

Goldberg, M. S., Burnett, R. T., & Brook, J. R. (2008) · Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.03.006 · Cited by 15

Bayes computation for ecological inference

Wakefield, J., Haneuse, S., Dobra, A., & Teeple, E. A. (2011) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.4214 · Cited by 15

Survival Benefits with Vitamin D Receptor Activation

Kovesdy, C. P. (2010) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.02590310 · Cited by 15

RESIDENTIAL RADON EXPOSURE AND LUNG CANCER RISK: COMMENTARY ON COHEN???S COUNTY-BASED STUDY

Heath, C. W., Bond, P. D., Hoel, D. G., & Meinhold, C. B. (2004) · Health Physics · doi:10.1097/01.hp.0000138588.59022.40 · Cited by 15

Developing a GIS-Based Online Survey Instrument to Elicit Perceived Neighborhood Geographies to Address the Uncertain Geographic Context Problem

Shmool, J. L. C., Johnson, I. L., Dodson, Z. M., Keene, R. M., Gradeck, R., Beach, S. R., & Clougherty, J. E. (2018) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2017.1416299 · Cited by 14

Association Between the ACA Medicaid Expansions and Changes in Cardiovascular Risk Factors Among Low-Income Individuals

Gotanda, H., Kominski, G. F., Elashoff, D. A., & Tsugawa, Y. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-020-06417-6 · Cited by 14

The association between greenness exposure and COVID-19 incidence in South Korea: An ecological study

Lee, K., Min, H. S., Jeon, J., Choi, Y., Bang, J. H., & Sung, H. K. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154981 · Cited by 14

Livestock, pathogens, vectors, and their environment: A causal inference-based approach to estimating the pathway-specific effect of livestock on human African trypanosomiasis risk

Meisner, J., Kato, A. B., Lemerani, M., Miaka, E. M., Taban, A. I., Wakefield, J. C., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Pigott, D. M., Mayer, J. D., & Rabinowitz, P. M. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010155 · Cited by 14

The evidence of harm to adults relating to exposure to extreme pornographic material: a rapid evidence assessment (REA)

Itzin, C., Taket, A. R., & Kelly, L. (2007) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · Cited by 14

Needs-based primary medical care capitation: Development and evaluation of alternative approaches

Hutchison, B. G., Hurley, J., Birch, S., Lomas, J., Walter, S. D., Eyles, J. D., & Stratford-Devai, F. (2000) · Health Care Management Science · doi:10.1023/a:1019093324371 · Cited by 14

Blindness registrations and socioeconomic factors in Canada: an ecologic study

Sit, A. J., Chipman, M. L., & Trope, G. E. (2004) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286580490514504 · Cited by 14

Reproductive factors and incidence of breast cancer: An international ecological study

Morabia, A., Costanza, M. C., & Contraceptives, W. C. S. O. N. A. S. (2000) · Sozial- und Präventivmedizin · doi:10.1007/bf01591687 · Cited by 14

Are early life factors responsible for international differences in adult blood pressure? An ecological study

Owen, C. G., Whincup, P. H., & Cook, D. G. (2005) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyi046 · Cited by 14

Spatial variability of air pollutants in the Basel area and carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk

Röösli, M. (2001) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-002434167 · Cited by 14

Ecological studies of COVID-19 and air pollution: How useful are they?

Villeneuve, P. J., & Goldberg, M. S. (2022) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000195 · Cited by 14

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Diabetes Care Among a North Carolina Patient Population

Bancks, M. P., Lin, M., Bertoni, A. G., Futrell, W. M., Liu, Z., Ostasiewski, B., Wells, B. J., & Hanchate, A. D. (2022) · Clinical Diabetes · doi:10.2337/cd21-0136 · Cited by 13

Impact of infancy duration on adult size in 22 subsistence‐based societies

Gawlik, A., Walker, R. S., & Hochberg, Z. (2011) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02395.x · Cited by 13

Radon, smoking and HPV as lung cancer risk factors in ecological studies

Malinovsky, G. P., Yarmoshenko, I., & Zhukovsky, M. V. (2017) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553002.2018.1399225 · Cited by 13

South Asian ethnicity and risk of childhood accidents: an ecological study at enumeration district level in Leicester

Tobin, M. D., Milligan, J., Shukla, R., Crump, B., & Burton, P. R. (2002) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/24.4.313 · Cited by 13

The interpretation of exposure effect estimates in chronic air pollution studies

Haneuse, S., Wakefield, J., & Sheppard, L. A. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2785 · Cited by 13

Perceiving and Representing Both Health and the Environment: An Exploratory Investigation

James, J., & Eyles, J. D. (1999) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/104973299129121712 · Cited by 13

Decline in Incidence of Endometrial Cancer Following Increase in Prescriptions for Opposed Conjugated Estrogens in a Prepaid Health Plan

Ziel, H. K., Finkle, W. D., & Greenland, S. (1998) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1006/gyno.1997.4927 · Cited by 13

Selection bias in ecological studies

Rousson, V., Rosselet, P. C., & Paccaud, F. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.09.001 · Cited by 12

The hospitalisation risk of chronic circulatory and respiratory diseases associated with coal mining in the general population in Queensland, Australia

Cortés-Ramírez, J., Mengersen, K. L., Morawska, L., Sly, P. D., Jagals, P., & Wraith, D. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174989 · Cited by 12

DAMASCENE and Meta-Ecological Research

Moyé, L. (2014) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.304767 · Cited by 12

Biomarker validation with an imperfect reference: Issues and bounds

Emerson, S. C., Waikar, S. S., Fuentes, C., Bonventre, J. V., & Betensky, R. A. (2017) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216689806 · Cited by 12

An Analysis of the Geographic Variation in Cancer Incidence and its Determinants in Ontario

Walter, S. D., Marrett, L. D., Taylor, S. M., & King, D. (1999) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03404111 · Cited by 12

Are cancer risks associated with exposures to ionising radiation from internal emitters greater than those in the Japanese A-bomb survivors?

Little, M. P., Hall, P. N., & Charles, M. W. (2007) · Radiation and Environmental Biophysics · doi:10.1007/s00411-007-0122-3 · Cited by 12

Multilevel survival analysis of health inequalities in life expectancy

Yang, M., Eldridge, S. M., & Merlo, J. (2009) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/1475-9276-8-31 · Cited by 12

Common Framework for Ecological Inference in Epidemiology, Political Science, and Sociology

Salway, R., & Wakefield, J. C. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511510595.015 · Cited by 12

Uncertainties in assessing health risks from natural radiation, including radon

Muirhead, C. R. (2002) · International Congress Series · doi:10.1016/s0531-5131(01)00535-0 · Cited by 12

Assessment of the SF-36 version 2 in the United Kingdom.

Lloyd, A. (1999) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.53.10.651 · Cited by 12

Did the introduction and increased prescribing of antidepressants lead to changes in long-term trends of suicide rates?

Amendola, S., Plöderl, M., & Hengartner, M. P. (2020) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckaa204 · Cited by 11

Spatial pattern of HIV-1 mother-to-child-transmission in Madrid (Spain) from 1980 till now: demographic and socioeconomic factors

Palladino, C., Bellón, J. M., Pérez‐Hoyos, S., Resino, R., Guillén, S., García, D. G., Gurbindo, M. D., Ramos, J. T., de José, M. I., Mellado, M. J., et al. (2008) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e328310fa96 · Cited by 11

Influenza Vaccination Among the Elderly in the United States

Thompson, W., Shay, D. K., Weintraub, E., Brammer, L., Cox, N. J., & Fukuda, K. (2005) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.165.17.2038-b · Cited by 11

Association between Air Pollutants and Initial Hospital Admission for Ischemic Stroke in Korea from 2002 to 2013

Song, J., Lim, Y. C., Ko, I., Kim, J., & Kim, D. (2021) · Journal of Stroke and Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.106080 · Cited by 10

Inferring skin–brain–skin connections from infodemiology data using dynamic Bayesian networks

Scutari, M., Kérob, D., & Salah, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-60937-3 · Cited by 10

Population Effects and Variability

Dorne, J. L. C. M., Amzal, B., Bois, F. Y., Crépet, A., Tressou, J., & Verger, P. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-050-2_20 · Cited by 10

Geographic boundary analysis in spatial and spatio-temporal epidemiology: Perspective and prospects

Jacquez, G. M. (2010) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2010.09.003 · Cited by 10

Estimating the Impact of Health-related Behaviors on Geographic Variation in Cardiovascular Mortality

Jonker, M. F., Donkers, B., Chaix, B., van Lenthe, F. J., Alex Burdorf, A., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2015) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ede.0000000000000378 · Cited by 10

Some Contributions of Statistics to Environmental Epidemiology

Thomas, D. C. (2000) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.2000.10473932 · Cited by 10

Chapter 4 Exposure assessment of air pollutants: a review on spatial heterogeneity and indoor/outdoor/personal exposure to suspended particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide and ozone

Monn, C. (2002) · Developments in environmental science · doi:10.1016/s1474-8177(02)80007-9 · Cited by 9

Level of aggregation for optimal epidemiological analysis: the case of time to surgery and unnecessary removal of the normal appendix

Wen, S. W., Demissie, K., August, D. A., & Rhoads, G. G. (2001) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.55.3.198 · Cited by 9

Potentialities and Limitations of Multilevel Analysis in Public Health and Epidemiology

Roux, A. V. D. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4675-9_4 · Cited by 9

„Environmental justice“ (Umweltgerechtigkeit)

Maier, W., & Mielck, A. (2009) · Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung · doi:10.1007/s11553-009-0200-2 · Cited by 9

Increased excess deaths in urban areas: quantification of geographical variation in mortality in Japan, 1973–1998

Fukuda, Y., Nakamura, K., & Takano, T. (2004) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2003.10.013 · Cited by 9

Relations between nasopharyngeal carcinoma and magnesium and other alkaline earth elements in soils in China

Bølviken, B., Flaten, T. P., & Zheng, C. (1997) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/s0306-9877(97)90019-0 · Cited by 9

Statistical methods in studies on temperature-health associations

Gasparrini, A. (2013) · LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) · doi:10.17037/pubs.00901044 · Cited by 9

The rise and fall of breast cancer rates

Michels, K. B. (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d8003 · Cited by 9

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