The DOI matches its Crossref record.
PROPORTION OF DISEASE CAUSED OR PREVENTED BY A GIVEN EXPOSURE, TRAIT OR INTERVENTION1
Abstract
The structures of two epidemiologic parameters are explored. One, the “etiologic fraction, ” relates to markers of increased risk, and it is the proportion of disease attributable to the marker and/or to factors associated with it. The other, the “prevented fraction, ” is the equivalent of this for a marker of reduced risk. It is shown that both parameters depend—in different ways—-on the frequency of the marker among cases of the disease, and on the “standardized morbidity ratio” for those with the marker. Point estimation of these parameters is often straight-forward, particularly in case-control studies.
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In the citing paper
“ETT has been used in econometrics to evaluate the effectiveness of social programs on their participants (Heckman, 1992) and has long been the target of research in epidemiology, where it came to be known as 'the effect of exposure on the exposed,' or 'standardized morbidity' (Miettinen, 1974; Greenland and Robins, 1986).”
From Causal inference in statistics: An overview (2009) · cites this paper as Miettinen, 1974
In the citing paper
“Population-attributable fractions, adjusted for aforementioned model covariates, were calculated using Miettinen’s formula, aPRs, and weighted prevalence estimates of each health condition and risk behavior by each cumulative ACEs count level”
From Adverse childhood experiences and health conditions and risk behaviors among high school students—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2023 (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
López, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T. T., & Murray, C. J. L. (2006) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6262-4 · Cited by 2,714
Perz, J. F., Armstrong, G. L., Farrington, L. A., Hutin, Y. J. F., & Bell, B. P. (2006) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.05.013 · Cited by 2,572
“For a given condition and risk factor [15], the attributable fraction may be calculated as: (Prevalence of exposure among cases) · [(Risk ratio 1)/(Risk ratio)].”
BackgroundGlobal burden of cancers attributable to infections in 2008: a review and synthetic analysis
de Martel, C., Ferlay, J., Franceschi, S., Vignat, J., Bray, F., Forman, D., & Plummer, M. (2012) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70137-7 · Cited by 2,540
Aune, D., Giovannucci, E., Boffetta, P., Fadnes, L. T., Keum, N., Norat, T., Greenwood, D. C., Riboli, E., Vatten, L. J., & Tonstad, S. (2017) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyw319 · Cited by 2,419
“The preventable proportion of deaths and causespecific deaths attributable to a low fruit and vegetable intake was calculated using the formula proposed by Miettinen.(85) Further information about these calculations is provided in the Supplementary Methods, available at IJE online.”
MethodCausal inference in statistics: An overview
Pearl, J. (2009) · Statistics Surveys · doi:10.1214/09-ss057 · Cited by 2,336
“…to evaluate the effectiveness of social programs on their participants (Heckman, 1992) and has long been the target of research in epidemiology, where it came to be known as “the effect of exposure on the exposed,” or “standardized morbidity” (Miettinen, 1974; Greenland and Robins, 1986).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- MIETTINEN, O. S.
- Corresponding author
- MIETTINEN, OLLI S.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1974-05
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 325-332
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W1953501928
- Cited by
- 1,036
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 7.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Historical and modern epidemiology studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- population attributable fraction, prevented fraction, attributable fraction, risk indicators, standardized morbidity ratio, case-control study, disease prevention
- MeSH terms
- Coffee, Coronary Disease, Drinking, Epidemiologic Methods, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Hypertension, Models, Theoretical, Morbidity, Myocardial Infarction, Population, Preventive Medicine, Smoking, Statistics as Topic
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