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Set Relations in Social Research: Evaluating Their Consistency and Coverage
Abstract
Because of its inherently asymmetric nature, set-theoretic analysis offers many interesting contrasts with analysis based on correlations. Until recently, however, social scientists have been slow to embrace set-theoretic approaches. The perception was that this type of analysis is restricted to primitive, binary variables and that it has little or no tolerance for error. With the advent of “fuzzy” sets and the recognition that even rough set-theoretic relations are relevant to theory, these old barriers have crumbled. This paper advances the set-theoretic approach by presenting simple descriptive measures that can be used to evaluate set-theoretic relationships, especially relations between fuzzy sets. The first measure, “consistency,” assesses the degree to which a subset relation has been approximated, whereas the second measure, “coverage,” assesses the empirical relevance of a consistent subset. This paper demonstrates further that set-theoretic coverage can be partitioned in a manner somewhat analogous to the partitioning of explained variation in multiple regression analysis.
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“Relatedly, Ragin (2006, 304) suggests using 'consistency' (i.e., the share of cases having the same combination of conditions that also display the outcome) as a useful criterion”
From Qualitative Comparative Analysis: How Inductive Use and Measurement Error Lead to Problematic Inference (2013) · cites this paper as Ragin (2006, 304)
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“Tables 3 and 4 include raw coverage (it reflects the share of outcome explained by a path), and unique coverage (it reflects the share of outcome exclusively explained by a path) (Ragin, 2006).”
BackgroundJust how flexible is the German selective secondary school system? A configurational analysis
Glaesser, J. (2008) · International Journal of Research & Method in Education · doi:10.1080/17437270802212254 · Cited by 26
“I do not have space here to explain the approach; for details, see Ragin ( 2000 , 2006 ) and also Cooper ( 2005 ).”
BackgroundQualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA)
Wagemann, C. (2014) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198719571.003.0003 · Cited by 26
Askim, J., Klausen, J. E., Vabo, S. I., & Bjurstrøm, K. H. (2017) · Local Government Studies · doi:10.1080/03003930.2017.1310102 · Cited by 26
Evaluating the performance of biotechnology companies by causal recipes
Huang, C.-W., & Huarng, K. (2014) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.11.040 · Cited by 25
A configurational analysis of ethnic protest in Europe
Cebotari, V., & Vink, M. (2013) · International Journal of Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1177/0020715213508567 · Cited by 26
Lee, S.-Y. S. (2014) · Epidemiology and Health · doi:10.4178/epih/e2014038 · Cited by 25
“Although the fuzzy-set approach is still considered to be in the process of being developed [3-5], it has already been discussed as a useful methodology among social scientists.”
MethodDo the citizens of Europe trust their police?
Barton, H., & Beynon, M. J. (2015) · International Journal of Emergency Services · doi:10.1108/ijes-09-2014-0013 · Cited by 29
“This decision is incumbent on a choice of a threshold value for this raw consistency value, to effect those configurations considered and not considered strongly associated with a respective outcome (Ragin, 2006).”
BackgroundCross-cultural differences in the entrepreneurial activity of men and women: a fuzzy-set approach
Crespo, N. F. (2017) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/gm-03-2016-0072 · Cited by 25
Göpfert, C., Christine Wamsler, B., & Lang, W. (2020) · City and Environment Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100052 · Cited by 25
Karadağ, H., Şahin, F., Karamollaoğlu, N., & Saunila, M. (2024) · Information Technology and Management · doi:10.1007/s10799-024-00437-y · Cited by 24
“The process of calibrating involves transforming raw data (measured at the ordinal, interval, or ratio level) into set membership scores that are based on qualitative anchors [98, 99, 103].”
Revisiting exercise of power strategies from the perspective of information processing
Feng, C., Zheng, X., Zhuang, G., & Li, R. (2020) · Industrial Marketing Management · doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.08.003 · Cited by 24
Peiró‐Signes, Á., Segarra‐Oña, M., Trull-Domínguez, Ó., & Sánchez-Planelles, J. (2021) · Socio-Economic Planning Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.seps.2021.101145 · Cited by 24
Metadata
- Authors
- Ragin, C. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Arizona (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ragin, Charles C.
- ORCID
- Ragin, Charles C.
- Venue
- Political Analysis
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 291-310
- ISSN
- 1047-1987 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4989
- OpenAlex
- W2150935468
- Cited by
- 1,784
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 171 · 2025: 188 · 2024: 172 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 138 · 2021: 153 · 2020: 108 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 86 · 2017: 87 · 2016: 93 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 66.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Political Analysis (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Comparative Analysis Research
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Fuzzy and Soft Set Theory
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Political Science Research and Education
- Keywords
- set-theoretic analysis, fuzzy sets, rough set theory, consistency measure, coverage measures, subset relation, explained variance, partitioning, binary variables, social science methodology
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