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The Mafic and Ultramafic Lavas of the Belingwe Greenstone Belt, Rhodesia
Abstract
The Belingwe Greenstone Belt (2.8 × 109 yrs old) contains a 7 km succession of mafic and ultramafic lavas and high-level intrusions which overlie a thin sedimentary formation, itself unconformable on a granitic basement. The lavas range in composition from andesites (4 per cent MgO) to peridotitic komatiites (32 per cent MgO). The mineralogy and textures of the most magnesian lavas demonstrate that they were extruded in a completely liquid state. If the source mantle had an MgO content around 40 per cent, then partial melts in the range 35 per cent to 55 per cent would be required to produce the most magnesian liquids observed. Chemical constraints on the petrogenesis of the ultramafic lavas allow estimates of source mantle composition. In particular, if the source had an MgO content around 40 per cent, then the overall source composition would be similar to that of garnet Iherzolite nodules in kimberlites. The calculated REE contents of the source are close to chondritic. If all the ultramafic lavas were derived from the same source then the variation in liquid composition may have been controlled by orthopyroxene as well as olivine during partial melting at depth. The evolution of the less magnesian komatiites, basalts, and andesites can be explained by lower degrees of partial melting of a common source, and by high-level fractionation of parent liquids similar to those extruded as ultramafic lavas. Physical constraints on the origin of the lavas imply derivation from a depth of 150 km or more, at temperatures of 1600–2000 °C.
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“These regions are dominated by tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) granitoids (Jahn et al., 1981;Moyen and Martin, 2012;White et al., 2017) and mafic-to-ultramafic volcanic rocks (Nisbet et al., 1977;Wilson et al., 1978;Xie et al., 1993), with rare supracrustal rocks (Moorbath et al., 1977;Boak and Dymek, 1982;Jackson et al., 1994).”
From Secular change and the onset of plate tectonics on Earth (2020) · cites this paper as Nisbet et al., 1977
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“Although many concordant ultramafic units containing spinifex textures are extrusive (e.g., Pyke et al., 1973; Nisbet et al., 1977; Thomson, 1989; Dann, 2000), field work in several areas has shown that spinifex texture is not restricted to flows but also develops in komatiitic dikes (e.g., Davis,…”
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Self-citationMantle melting in equilibrium with an Iron–Wüstite–Graphite buffered COH-fluid
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“Tony's Flow is part of the 0.5 to 1 km thick Reliance Formation, from the Belingwe Greenstone Belt (Nisbet et al., 1977), which was emplaced on continental crust in an extensional environment (Bickle et al., 1975; Hunter et al., 1998).”
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“%, which are comparable to some komatiites in the Mendon Formation (Byerly, 1999), but lower than many other reported komatiites (Arndt et al., 1977; Nisbet et al., 1977; Revillion et al., 2000).”
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“Other examples of ocelli occurring in magnesian-rich lavas have been reported for komatiites by Nisbet et al. (1977) and Ferguson and Currie (1972) and in picrites by Drever (1960).”
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Mantle melting in equilibrium with an Iron–Wüstite–Graphite buffered COH-fluid
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“83 is too high for the ordinary basalt and is comparable with those of komatiites (e.g. Arndt et al., 1977; Nisbet et al., 1977) or of some picritic basalts (e.”
ResultRemus, M. V. D., Hartmann, L. A., & Formoso, M. L. L. (1993) · Brazilian Journal of Geology · doi:10.5327/rbg.v23i4.482 · Cited by 16
REE geochemistry of komatiites and associated rocks from Piumhi, southeastern Brazil
Jahn, B., & Schrank, A. (1983) · Precambrian Research · doi:10.1016/0301-9268(83)90002-5 · Cited by 16
Shuto, K., Yashima, R., & Takimoto, T. (1985) · The Journal of the Japanese Association of Mineralogists Petrologists and Economic Geologists · doi:10.2465/ganko1941.80.55 · Cited by 15
Metadata
- Authors
- NISBET, E. G., BICKLE, M. J., & MARTIN, A.
- Venue
- Journal of Petrology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1977-11-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 521-566
- ISSN
- 0022-3530 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2415
- OpenAlex
- W2326334273
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Petrology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geology › Geological and Geophysical Studies
- Keywords
- mafic lavas, komatiite, andesite, mantle petrogenesis, kimberlite, rare earth elements, partial melting, orthopyroxene, olivine, fractional crystallization, Archean magmatism
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