Cited by 168Pain Management and Opioid UsePediatric Pain Management TechniquesMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychometric Testing of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS): A New Pain Scale for Military Population

Open access

Polomano, Rosemary C., Galloway, Kevin T., Kent, Michael L., Brandon-Edwards, Hisani, Kwon, Kyung “Nancy”, Morales, Carlos, Buckenmaier, Chester ‘Trip’·2016·Pain Medicine

DOI 10.1093/pm/pnw105

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS 2.0) is a pain assessment tool that utilizes a numerical rating scale enhanced by functional word descriptors, color coding, and pictorial facial expressions matched to pain levels. Four supplemental questions measure how much pain interferes with usual activity and sleep, and affects mood and contributes to stress. METHODS: Psychometric testing was performed on a revised DVPRS 2.0 using data from 307 active duty service members and Veterans experiencing acute or chronic pain. A new set of facial representations designating pain levels was tested. RESULTS: Results demonstrated acceptable internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = 0.871) and test-retest reliability (r = 0.637 to r = 0.774) for the five items. Excellent interrater agreement was established for correctly ordering faces depicting pain levels and aligning them on the pain intensity scale (Kendall's coefficient of concordance, W = 0.95 and 0.959, respectively). Construct validity was supported by an exploratory principal component factor analysis and known groups validity testing. Most participants, 70.9%, felt that the DVPRS was superior to other pain rating scales. CONSCLUSION: The DVPRS 2.0 is a reliable and valid instrument that provides standard language and metrics to communicate pain and related outcomes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/pm/pnw105

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory.
Cs, C., & Km, R. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 5,178
The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) developed and tested its first wave of adult self-reported health outcome item banks: 2005–2008
Cella, D., Riley, W., Stone, A., Rothrock, N., Reeve, B., Yount, S., Amtmann, D., Bode, R., Buysse, D., Choi, S., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.04.011 · Cited by 5,128
Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain
Woolf, C. J. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030 · Cited by 4,771
The Faces Pain Scale – Revised: toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement
Hicks, C. L., von Baeyer, C. L., Spafford, P. A., van Korlaar, I. M., & Goodenough, B. (2001) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00314-1 · Cited by 2,061
Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures
Farrar, J. T., Portenoy, R. K., Berlin, J. A., Kinman, J. L., & Strom, B. L. (2000) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(00)00339-0 · Cited by 1,071
Increasing the reliability and validity of pain intensity measurement in chronic pain patients
Jensen, M. P., & McFarland, C. A. (1993) · Pain · doi:10.1016/0304-3959(93)90148-i · Cited by 720
Prevalence of chronic pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and persistent postconcussive symptoms in OIF/OEF veterans: polytrauma clinical triad
Lew, H. L., Otis, J. D., Tun, C., Kerns, R. D., Clark, M. E., & Cifu, D. X. (2009) · The Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development · doi:10.1682/jrrd.2009.01.0006 · Cited by 655
What Is Sufficient Evidence for the Reliability and Validity of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures?
Frost, M. H., Reeve, B. B., Liepa, A. M., Stauffer, J. W., & Hays, R. D. (2007) · Value in Health · doi:10.1111/j.1524-4733.2007.00272.x · Cited by 572
The Prevalence and Burden of Migraine and Severe Headache in the U nited S tates: Updated Statistics From Government Health Surveillance Studies
Burch, R. C., Loder, S., Loder, E., & Smitherman, T. A. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12482 · Cited by 497
Measuring pain as the 5th vital sign does not improve quality of pain management
Mularski, R. A., White-Chu, F., Overbay, D., Miller, L. L., Asch, S. M., & Ganzini, L. K. (2006) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00415.x · Cited by 349

Show all 43 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Stratford, 2001, The reliability, consistency, and clinical application of a numeric pain rating scale, Physiother Can, 53, 88

Sorted by citations

A multisociety organizational consensus process to define guiding principles for acute perioperative pain management
Mariano, E. R., Dickerson, D. M., Szokol, J. W., Harned, M. E., Mueller, J. T., Philip, B. K., Baratta, J. L., Gulur, P., Robles, J., Schroeder, K. M., et al. (2021) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2021-103083 · Cited by 114
Patient education and engagement in postoperative pain management decreases opioid use following knee replacement surgery
Yajnik, M., Hill, J. N., Hunter, O. O., Howard, S. K., Kim, T. E., Harrison, T. K., & Mariano, E. R. (2018) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2018.09.001 · Cited by 93
Clinical Practice Guideline: Opioid Prescribing for Analgesia After Common Otolaryngology Operations
Anne, S., Mims, J. “., Tunkel, D. E., Rosenfeld, R. M., Boisoneau, D. S., Brenner, M. J., Cramer, J. D., Dickerson, D. M., Finestone, S. A., Folbe, A. J., et al. (2021) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599821996297 · Cited by 94
From patient outcomes to system change: Evaluating the impact of VHA 's implementation of the Whole Health System of Care
Bokhour, B. G., Hyde, J. K., Kligler, B., Gelman, H. M., Gaj, L., Barker, A. M., Douglas, J. H., DeFaccio, R., Taylor, S. L., & Zeliadt, S. B. (2022) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.13938 · Cited by 66
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Veterans With Comorbid Posttraumatic Headache and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms
McGeary, D. D., Resick, P. A., Penzien, D. B., McGeary, C. A., Houle, T. T., Eapen, B. C., Jaramillo, C. A., Nabity, P. S., Reed, D. E., Moring, J. C., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.1567 · Cited by 69
Pecto-intercostal Fascial Block for Acute Poststernotomy Pain: A Case Report
Liu, V. K., Mariano, E. R., & Prabhakar, C. (2017) · A&A Practice · doi:10.1213/xaa.0000000000000697 · Cited by 54
Benefits of the Restorative Exercise and Strength Training for Operational Resilience and Excellence Yoga Program for Chronic Low Back Pain in Service Members: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Highland, K. B., Schoomaker, A., Rojas, W., Suen, J., Ahmed, A., Zhang, Z., Carlin, S. F., Calilung, C. E., Kent, M. L., McDonough, C., et al. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.473 · Cited by 44
Self-citation
All MCIDs Are Wrong, But Some May be Useful
Boyer, C. W., Lee, I. E., & Tenan, M. S. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11193 · Cited by 34
Fascia Iliaca Blockade With the Addition of Liposomal Bupivacaine Versus Plain Bupivacaine for Perioperative Pain Management During Hip Arthroscopy: A Double‐Blinded Prospective Randomized Control Trial
Purcell, R. L., Brooks, D. I., Steelman, T. J., Christensen, D. L., Dickens, J. F., Kent, M. L., McCabe, M. P., & Anderson, T. D. (2019) · Arthroscopy The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2019.03.056 · Cited by 33
Self-citation
An Evidence-Based Guideline Supporting Restricted Opioid Prescription after Pediatric Appendectomy
Freedman-Weiss, M. R., Chiu, A. S., Worhunsky, D. J., Manchisi, A., Torres-Maldonado, I., Sagnella, L., Caty, M. G., Cowles, R. A., Ozgediz, D., Christison-Lagay, E. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.09.063 · Cited by 33
A Sequential Multiple-Assignment Randomized Trial (SMART) for Stepped Care Management of Low Back Pain in the Military Health System: A Trial Protocol
Fritz, J. M., Rhon, D. I., Teyhen, D. S., Kean, J. T., Vanneman, M. E., Garland, E. L., Lee, I. E., Thorp, R. E., & Greene, T. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa338 · Cited by 31
“The Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) includes a numeric pain intensity rating and four pain interference questions developed with veterans and military members [35].”
Method
Whole Health Use and Interest Across Veterans With Co-Occurring Chronic Pain and PTSD: An Examination of the 18 VA Medical Center Flagship Sites
Reed, D. E., Bokhour, B. G., Gaj, L., Barker, A. M., Douglas, J. H., DeFaccio, R., Williams, R. M., Engel, C. C., & Zeliadt, S. B. (2022) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/21649561211065374 · Cited by 31
Enhanced recovery protocol for transoral robotic surgery demonstrates improved analgesia and narcotic use reduction
Ganti, A., Eggerstedt, M., Grudzinski, K. M., Ramirez, E. A., Vaughan, D., Revenaugh, P. C., Stenson, K. M., & Al‐Khudari, S. (2020) · American Journal of Otolaryngology · doi:10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102649 · Cited by 30
Musculoskeletal Pain and Headache in the Active Duty Military Population: An Integrative Review
Bader, C. E., Giordano, N. A., McDonald, C. C., Meghani, S. H., & Polomano, R. C. (2018) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12301 · Cited by 28
“The DVPRS, developed by the Pain Management Task Force commissioned by the Office of the Army Surgeon General in 2009 (Office of the Army Surgeon General, 2010), has been validated in AD military and veterans (Polomano et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citation
Multidimensional versus unidimensional pain scales for the assessment of analgesic requirement in the emergency department: a systematic review
Crisman, E., Appenzeller‐Herzog, C., Tabakovic, S., Nickel, C. H., & Minotti, B. (2024) · Internal and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11739-024-03608-5 · Cited by 27
Targeted muscle reinnervation at the time of amputation in the management of complex regional pain syndrome of the lower extremity
Stoehr, J. R., Sood, R., Jordan, S. W., & Dumanian, G. A. (2020) · Microsurgery · doi:10.1002/micr.30653 · Cited by 27
“rationale for these procedures is based on the emerging theory that the syndrome may be attributed to ongoing painful input from injured or compressed nerves or neuroma (Polomano et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Pilot evaluation of horticultural therapy in improving overall wellness in veterans with history of suicidality
Meore, A., Sun, S., Byma, L., Alter, S., Vitale, A. M., Podolak, E., Gibbard, B., Adams, T., Boyer, J., Galfalvy, H., et al. (2021) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2021.102728 · Cited by 26
Complexity of the Relationships of Pain, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression in Combat‐Injured Populations: An Integrative Review to Inform Evidence‐Based Practice
Giordano, N. A., Bader, C. E., Richmond, T. S., & Polomano, R. C. (2018) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12274 · Cited by 26
“For example, the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) has already undergone testing in military and VHA facilities (Polomano et al., 2016).”
MethodSelf-citation
A Randomized, Single-Blind, Prospective Trial of Auricular ‘Battlefield’ Acupuncture for the Reduction of Postoperative Tonsillectomy Pain in Adults
Plunkett, A., McCoart, A., Howard, R. S., Dennison, E., & Bartoszek, M. W. (2018) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2018-0007 · Cited by 26
Effectiveness of Complementary and Integrative Approaches in Promoting Engagement and Overall Wellness Toward Suicide Prevention in Veterans
Vitale, A. M., Byma, L., Sun, S., Podolak, E., Wang, Z., Alter, S., Galfalvy, H., Geraci, J. C., Langhoff, E., Klingbeil, H., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2020.0245 · Cited by 24
Targeted muscle reinnervation at the time of amputation to prevent the development of neuropathic pain
Raasveld, F. V., Mayrhofer‐Schmid, M., Johnston, B. R., Gómez-Eslava, B., Hoftiezer, Y. A. J., Liu, W., Valerio, I. L., & Eberlin, K. R. (2024) · Journal of Plastic Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2024.07.055 · Cited by 24
Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality on Pain and Anxiety at a Veterans Affairs Health Care Facility
Rawlins, C. R., Veigulis, Z. P., Hebert, C. A., Curtin, C. M., & Osborne, T. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2021.719681 · Cited by 24
Preoperative pudendal block with liposomal and plain bupivacaine reduces pain associated with posterior colporrhaphy: a double-blinded, randomized controlled trial
Dengler, K. L., Craig, E. R., DiCarlo-Meacham, A. M., Welch, E. K., Brooks, D. I., Vaccaro, C. M., & Gruber, D. D. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.034 · Cited by 25
A network analysis of pain intensity and pain-related measures of physical, emotional, and social functioning in US military service members with chronic pain
Wi, D., Park, C., Ransom, J. C., Flynn, D. M., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2023) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnad148 · Cited by 21
Feasibility of App-Based Postsurgical Assessment of Pain, Pain Impact, and Regional Anesthesia Effects: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Highland, K. B., Tran, J., Brandon-Edwards, H., Bedöcs, P., Suen, J., & Buckenmaier, C. C. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny288 · Cited by 21
Self-citation
A complementary and integrative health group-based program pilot demonstrates positive health outcomes with female Veterans.
Haun, J. N., Paykel, J., Alman, A. C., Patel, N., & Melillo, C. (2020) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2019.08.001 · Cited by 17
Measures for the Assessment of Pain in Adults
Hassett, A. L., Whibley, D., Kratz, A. L., & Williams, D. A. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24222 · Cited by 22
“The DVPRS was developed to standardize assessment of pain across Department of Defense and Veterans Health Administration health systems (15,16).”
Method
The Military Orthopedics Tracking Injuries and Outcomes Network: A Solution for Improving Musculoskeletal Care in the Military Health System
Mauntel, T. C., Tenan, M. S., Freedman, B. A., Potter, B. K., Provencher, M. T., Tokish, J. M., Lee, I. E., Rhon, D. I., Bailey, J. R., Burns, T. C., et al. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa304 · Cited by 20
Emergency department condition acuity, length of stay, and revisits among deaf and hard‐of‐hearing patients: A retrospective chart review
James, T. G., Miller, M. D., McKee, M. M., Sullivan, M. K., Rotoli, J. M., Pearson, T. A., Mahmoudi, E., Varnes, J. R., & Cheong, J. (2022) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14573 · Cited by 20
Acute postoperative pain impact trajectories and factors contributing to trajectory membership
Giordano, N. A., Kent, M. L., Kroma, R. B., Rojas, W., Lindl, M. J., Lujan, E., Buckenmaier, C. C., & Highland, K. B. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac203 · Cited by 23
Self-citation
Emergency department patient‐centred care perspectives from deaf and hard‐of‐hearing patients
James, T. G., Sullivan, M. K., McKee, M. M., Rotoli, J. M., Maruca, D., Stachowiak, R., Cheong, J., & Varnes, J. R. (2023) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13842 · Cited by 20
“This is noteworthy because the DVPRS uses facial expressions 54 — which typically aids limited English ‐ speaking populations in communicating pain 55 — which are a natural feature of ASL.”
Method
Can a single-item measure of job stressfulness identify common mental disorder?
Houdmont, J., Randall, R., Kinman, G., Colwell, J., Kerr, R., & Addley, K. (2021) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000231 · Cited by 19
Use of the Pain Assessment Screening Tool and Outcomes Registry in an Army Interdisciplinary Pain Management Center, Lessons Learned and Future Implications of a 10-Month Beta Test
Flynn, D. M., Cook, K. F., Kallen, M. A., Buckenmaier, C. C., Weickum, R., Collins, T. S., Johnson, A., Morgan, D., Galloway, K. T., & Joltes, K. H. (2017) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-16-00212 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Extended Perineural Analgesia After Hip and Knee Replacement When Buprenorphine-Clonidine-Dexamethasone Is Added to Bupivacaine: Preliminary Report from a Randomized Clinical Trial
Williams, B. A., Ibinson, J. W., Ritter, M. E., Ezaru, C. S., Rakesh, H., Paiste, H. J., Gilbert, K. L., Mikolic, J. M., Muluk, V. S., & Piva, S. R. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa229 · Cited by 17
Resolving the Burden of Low Back Pain in Military Service Members and Veterans (RESOLVE): Protocol for a Multisite Pragmatic Clinical Trial
Farrokhi, S., Esposito, E. R., McPherson, D., Mazzone, B. N., Condon, R., Patterson, C. G., Schneider, M., Greco, C. M., Delitto, A., Highsmith, M. J., et al. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa367 · Cited by 17
“The DVPRS uses a numerical rating scale enhanced by functional word descriptors, color coding, and pictorial facial expressions matched to pain levels [46].”
Method
Functional brain connectivity and cortical thickness in relation to chronic pain in post-911 veterans and service members with mTBI
Newsome, M. R., Wilde, E. A., Bigler, E. D., Liu, Q., Mayer, A. R., Taylor, B. A., Steinberg, J. L., Tate, D. F., Abildskov, T. J., Scheibel, R. S., et al. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1494853 · Cited by 16
“This constellation of conditions is also associated with a general decline in physical and mental health (5).”
BackgroundResult
Evidence‐Based Umbrella Review of Non‐Invasive Neuromodulation in Chronic Neuropathic Pain
Moreira, R. J. D., Shirahige, L., Rodríguez-Prieto, I., Maia, M., Lopes, T. D. S., Baptista, R. F., Hazime, F. A., Zana, Y., Kubota, G. T., de Andrade, D. C., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.4786 · Cited by 16
“In addition to the aforementioned pain scales, another scale found was the Defence and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, which is a valid and reliable instrument (Polomano et al. 2016).”
The effects of head mounted weight on comfort for helmets and headsets, with a definition of “comfortable wear time”
Odell, D., & Dorbala, N. (2023) · Work · doi:10.3233/wor-220689 · Cited by 15
The Effect of Preoperative Behavioral Intervention on Pain, Anxiety, Opioid Use, and Function in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Study
Meyer, V. M., Beydoun, H. A., Gyenai, L., Goble, N. M., Hunter, M. M., & McGill, R. J. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab424 · Cited by 15
Comparing Pain Intensity Using the Numeric Rating Scale and Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale in Patients Revisiting the Emergency Department
Sheikh, S., Fishe, J. N., Norse, A. B., Henson, M., James, D., Sher, W., Lott, M., Kalynych, C. J., & Hendry, P. L. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.17501 · Cited by 14
“DOI 10.7759/cureus.17501 assessment with pain intensity, assigning descriptive language, color coding, and visuals of faces to each number on its pain scale, drawing from the previously validated Faces Pain Scale Revised (FPS-R) [3,8,9] .”
MethodInfluential
Relationship Between Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms and Chronic Pain-Related Symptom Domains Among Military Active Duty Service Members
Li, H., Flynn, D. M., Highland, K. B., Barr, P. K., Langford, D. J., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab087 · Cited by 17
“77) among military populations [21] and had good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach alpha1⁄4 0.”
Background
Photobiomodulation as an Adjunctive Treatment to Physiotherapy for Reduction of Anterior Knee Pain in Combat Soldiers: A Prospective, Double‐Blind, Randomized, Pragmatic, Sham‐Controlled Trial
Gavish, L., Spitzer, E., Friedman, I., Lowe, J., Folk, N., Zarbiv, Y., Gelman, E., Vishnevski, L., Fatale, E., Herman, M., et al. (2021) · Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · doi:10.1002/lsm.23442 · Cited by 13
“The NRS pain data for each sub‐region were dichotomized into meaningful pain or not (NRS≥ 4= interferes with concentration but does not interfere with normal activity, based on DVPRS [27] grading).”
Method
Day-One Pain Reductions After Hip and Knee Replacement When Buprenorphine-Clonidine-Dexamethasone Is Added to Bupivacaine Nerve/Plexus Blocks: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Williams, B. A., Ibinson, J. W., Mikolic, J. M., Boudreaux-Kelly, M. Y., Paiste, H. J., Gilbert, K. L., Bonant, S. A., Ritter, M. E., Ezaru, C. S., Muluk, V. S., et al. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab325 · Cited by 13
Conservative Management of Low Back Pain
Lee, S. W., Nguyen, D. T., Mack, D., Aguila, E., Thomas, M., & Doddy, K. (2021) · HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36518/2689-0216.1261 · Cited by 17
Pain Remission Following Delayed Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in Amputees
Raasveld, F. V., Mayrhofer‐Schmid, M., Johnston, B. R., Hwang, C. D., Valerio, I. L., & Eberlin, K. R. (2024) · Microsurgery · doi:10.1002/micr.31258 · Cited by 13
“Pain outcomes measured included pain scores on a scale of 0–10, using either the numeric rating scale (NRS) or the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) (Polomano et al. 2016).”
NP Safe Prescribing Of Controlled Substances While Avoiding Drug Diversion
Dydyk, A. M., Sizemore, D. C., Haddad, L. M., Lindsay, L., & Porter, B. R. (2021) · StatPearls · Cited by 13
Multidimensional Perioperative Recovery Trajectories in a Mixed Surgical Cohort: A Longitudinal Cluster Analysis Utilizing National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Measures
Kent, M. L., Giordano, N. A., Rojas, W., Lindl, M. J., Lujan, E., Buckenmaier, C. C., Kroma, R. B., & Highland, K. B. (2021) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000005758 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Fascia iliaca blockade with the addition of liposomal bupivacaine vs. plain bupivacaine for perioperative pain management following hip arthroscopy
Purcell, R. L., Nappo, K. E., Griffin, D. W., McCabe, M. P., Anderson, T. D., & Kent, M. L. (2018) · Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy · doi:10.1007/s00167-018-4874-x · Cited by 12
Self-citation
Targeting Chronic Pain in Primary Care Settings by Using Behavioral Health Consultants: Methods of a Randomized Pragmatic Trial
Goodie, J. L., Kanzler, K. E., McGeary, C. A., Blankenship, A. E., Young‐McCaughan, S., Peterson, A. L., Cobos, B. A., Dobmeyer, A. C., Hunter, C. L., Star, J. B., et al. (2020) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa346 · Cited by 13
“Aim 1: Assess the effect of monthly telehealth booster contacts on long-term BCBT-CP pain outcomes (i.e., Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale [DVPRS] score 6, 12, and 18 months after starting treatment) compared with BCBT-CP without a booster in a sample of 716 DHA beneficiaries referred to a BHC for pain managemen…”
BackgroundInfluential
The pain of PTSD: integrating persistent or chronic pain within emotional processing theory of posttraumatic stress disorder
Hellman, N. M., Haft, S. M., Woodbury, A., Sherrill, A. M., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2025) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2025.2479923 · Cited by 11
“…via the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for the DSM-5 (Weathers et al., 2018)) and chronic pain (e.g. Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (Polomano et al., 2016), McGill Pain Questionnaire (Hawker et al., 2011), Numerical Rating Scale (Hawker et al., 2011), and Visual Analog Scale…”
Identification of Functioning Domains in the Presurgical Period and Their Relationships with Opioid Use and Pain Catastrophizing
Travaglini, L. E., Highland, K. B., Rojas, W., Buckenmaier, C. C., & Kent, M. L. (2018) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny246 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Pain Management Pillars for the Clinical Nurse Specialist
Klaess, C. C., Urton, M. S., Whitehead, P. B., Rosier, P. K., Burnie, J., & Michel, M. A. (2019) · Clinical Nurse Specialist · doi:10.1097/nur.0000000000000449 · Cited by 10
Lagged effect of Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Sleep Disturbance on subacute postsurgical PROMIS Pain Behavior
Highland, K. B., Parry, J., Kent, M. L., Patzkowski, J. C., Patzkowski, M. S., Herrera, G. F., Kane, A., & Giordano, N. A. (2022) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.25412 · Cited by 10
“Pain intensity was assessed with the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale in which patients were asked to rate their current pain on a scale from 0 (no pain) to 10 (as bad as it can be, nothing else matters).(16)”
MethodSelf-citation
What Do Providers Want from a Pain Screening Measure Used in Daily Practice?
Giannitrapani, K. F., Day, R. T., Azarfar, A., Ahluwalia, S. C., Dobscha, S., & Lorenz, K. A. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pny135 · Cited by 10
Complementary, integrative, and standard rehabilitative therapies in a military population with chronic predominantly musculoskeletal pain: a pragmatic clinical trial with SMART design
Flynn, D. M., Ransom, J. C., Steffen, A. D., Orr, K. P., McQuinn, H. M., Snow, T. J., Burke, L., Wi, D., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003462 · Cited by 9
Ferulic acid via attenuation of oxidative stress and neuro-immune response utilizes antinociceptive effect in mouse model of formalin test
Balali-Dehkordi, S., Habibian-Dehkordi, S., Amini-Khoei, H., & Mohajerian, R. (2023) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.12.001 · Cited by 8
“Pain is a defense response which alert subjects about an injury or damage of organs (Polomano et al., 2016).”
Background
Liposomal bupivacaine for the management of postsurgical donor site pain in patients with burn injuries: a case series from two institutions
Dissanaike, S., McCauley, J., & Alphonso, C. (2017) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.1292 · Cited by 7
“The DVPRS is a validated instrument that uses an 11-point NRS to quantify pain from 0 (“no pain”) to 10 (“as bad as it could be, nothing else matters”), functional word descriptors, visual cues in the form of green-yellow-red traffic color codes, and facial expressions [23, 24].”
Method
The Socioeconomic Burden of Pain From War
Gallagher, R. M., & Sandbrink, F. (2018) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304744 · Cited by 8
A Mobile and Web-Based Self-Directed Complementary and Integrative Health Program for Veterans and Their Partners (Mission Reconnect): Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Randomized Controlled Trial
Haun, J. N., Ballistrea, L. M., Melillo, C., Standifer, M. K., Kip, K. E., Paykel, J. M., Murphy, J. L., Fletcher, C. E., Mitchinson, A., Kozak, L. E., et al. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/13666 · Cited by 8
Virtual Reality for Subacute Pain After Orthopedic Traumatic Musculoskeletal Injuries
Mace, R. A., Brewer, J. R., Cohen, J. E., Ly, T. V., Weaver, M. J., & Borsook, D. (2024) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001231 · Cited by 7
Predicting long‐term postsurgical pain by examining the evolution of acute pain
Smith, C. R., Baharloo, R., Nickerson, P., Wallace, M. R., Zou, B., Fillingim, R. B., Crispen, P. L., Parvataneni, H. K., Gray, C. F., Prieto, H. A., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1698 · Cited by 8
“Following surgery, pain intensity data were collected by nursing staff according to the clinical protocol using the Defence and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) with values ranging from 0 to 10 (Buckenmaier et al., 2013; Polomano et al., 2016).”
MethodResult
A randomized controlled trial of liposomal bupivacaine for pain following obstetrical laceration
Dengler, K. L., Simpson, K. J., Strauchon, C., Shaddeau, A., Brooks, D. I., & Gruber, D. D. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM · doi:10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100115 · Cited by 7
Opioids in acute pain: Towards getting the right balance
Pattullo, G. G. (2022) · Anaesthesia and Intensive Care · doi:10.1177/0310057x211070003 · Cited by 7
“Patients report a preference for the use of the DVPRS compared with other pain scales to report their pain.(49)”
Method
On the road: Croatian truck drivers, commercial sex and HIV/AIDS.
Baćak, V., & Šoh, D. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Estimating minimal important change of the National Institutes of health research task force impact score using computer adaptive measures: a secondary analysis of two randomized clinical trials in a military population with chronic pain
Flynn, D. M., Burke, L., Steffen, A. D., Ransom, J. C., Orr, K. P., McQuinn, H. M., Snow, T. J., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08378-5 · Cited by 6
Delivery of Telehealth Complementary and Integrated Health Interventions Improves Mental Health and Overall Wellness to Broaden Veterans' Access to Care
Ganesh, N., Sun, S., Feder, A., Galfalvy, H., Yehuda, R., Byma, L., & Haghighi, F. G. (2022) · Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/jicm.2022.0614 · Cited by 6
Evidence Brief: Effectiveness of Models Used to Deliver Multimodal Care for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain
Peterson, K., Anderson, J., Bourne, D. S., Mackey, K., & Helfand, M. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 6
App-Based Pain Management and Opioid Education Program for Patients in Clinic Waiting Rooms
Highland, K. B., Giordano, N. A., Kirk, K., Rojas, W., Robinson-Morris, L., & Krzyzek, M. A. (2020) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2020.10.007 · Cited by 6
Slow Dynamics of Acute Postoperative Pain Intensity Time Series Determined via Wavelet Analysis Are Associated With the Risk of Severe Postoperative Day 30 Pain
Baharloo, R., Príncipe, J. C., Fillingim, R. B., Wallace, M. R., Zou, B., Crispen, P. L., Parvataneni, H. K., Prieto, H. A., Machuca, T., Mi, X., et al. (2021) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000005385 · Cited by 5
“Orthopedics, n (%) 51 (23) 15 (27) 36 (22)”
Photobiomodulation Therapy Plus Usual Care Is Better than Usual Care Alone for Plantar Fasciitis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Ketz, A. K., Anders, J. J., Orina, J., Garner, B. K., Hull, M., Koreerat, N., Sorensen, J., Turner, C., & Johnson, J. W. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.90589 · Cited by 5
Efficacy of pectoralis nerve blocks I & II with liposomal bupivacaine in patients undergoing elective breast reduction procedures: A retrospective study
Sanghvi, A. P., Klumb, I., Kanani, C., Karmarkar, A. M., & Kazior, M. R. (2024) · JPRAS Open · doi:10.1016/j.jpra.2024.12.006 · Cited by 5
Geospatial Analyses of Pain Intensity and Opioid Unit Doses Prescribed on the Day of Discharge Following Orthopedic Surgery
Tighe, P. J., Modave, F. P., Horodyski, M., Marsik, M., Lipori, G. P., Fillingim, R. B., Hu, H. Z., & Hagen, J. E. (2019) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnz311 · Cited by 6
The Use of Intravenous Lidocaine as an Analgesic Modality in the Austere Environment: Two Cases
Dryden, B., Kerr, W. B., Higgins, S., Tou, K., & Dhanjal, S. T. (2022) · Wilderness and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.wem.2022.04.010 · Cited by 5
Implementing an Evidence-Based Functional Pain Assessment Scale in an Adult Inpatient Unit
Hanson, A., Jackson, S., & Laures, E. L. (2024) · Pain Management Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2024.03.004 · Cited by 4
Longitudinal Associations of PROMIS-29 Anxiety and Depression Symptoms With Low Back Pain Impact in a Sample of U.S. Military Service Members
Dunbar, M. S., Rodriguez, A., Edelen, M. O., Hays, R. D., Coulter, I. D., Siconolfi, D. E., & Herman, P. M. (2021) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usab339 · Cited by 4
Care Outcomes for Chiropractic Outpatient Veterans (COCOV): a single-arm, pragmatic, pilot trial of multimodal chiropractic care for U.S. veterans with chronic low back pain
Long, C. R., Salsbury, S. A., Vining, R. D., Lisi, A. J., Corber, L. G., Twist, E. J., Abrams, T. E., Wallace, R. B., & Goertz, C. (2022) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-022-01008-0 · Cited by 4
“Specific measures included the Defense & Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS), an 11-item (0–10) numeric rating scale (NRS) that includes a Faces Rating Scale component and 4, 0–10 NRS items to quantify the impact of pain on general activity, sleep, mood, and stress [44].”
Method
Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the French version of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale for acute and chronic pain: a prospective clinical study
Safran, S. L., Follonier, D., Weber, E. W. G., Vayne-Bossert, P., Ahrendts, U., & Rehberg, B. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae049 · Cited by 4
Acceptance and Commitment Training for Veterans with Polytrauma: A randomized controlled trial protocol
Uzdavines, A., Gonzalez, R. D., Price, A., Broadway, D., Smith, T. L., Rodrigues, M. M., Woods, K., Zimmerman, M. B., Jorge, R. E., & Dindo, L. N. (2021) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2021.106601 · Cited by 4
Examining the Veterans Health Administration whole health model of care within the context of posttraumatic stress disorder.
Reed, D. E., Engel, C. C., DeFaccio, R., Gaj, L., Douglas, J. H., Williams, R. M., Etingen, B., Kroenke, K., Bokhour, B. G., & Zeliadt, S. B. (2023) · Psychological Services · doi:10.1037/ser0000822 · Cited by 4
An Interdisciplinary Intensive Outpatient Pain Program is Associated with Improved Patient Activation and Key Outcomes
Bujak, B. K., Blake, C. E., Beattie, P., Harrington, S., Monroe, C. M., Wilkie, D., & Earwood, M. E. (2020) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2019-0058 · Cited by 4
Validation of the Korean version of defense and veterans pain rating scale for assessment of postoperative pain: a prospective observational cohort study
Choi, S., Kim, T., Yoo, H., Park, S.-Y., Yoon, S., & Lee, H. (2024) · The Korean journal of pain · doi:10.3344/kjp.24346 · Cited by 3
“…although no definitive guidelines regarding the optimal sample size for validating pain scales have been established, it must be acknowledged that larger sample sizes, as included in other studies validating the DVPRS [5,32], could further strengthen the generalizability of this study’s findings.”
Expanding capabilities to evaluate readiness for return to duty after mTBI: The CAMP study protocol
Cecchini, A., McCulloch, K. L., Harrison, C. E., Favorov, O. V., Davila, M. I., Zhang, W., Prim, J., & Krok, C. D. R. M. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0270076 · Cited by 3
Pilot epinephrine dose-finding study to counter epidural-related blood pressure reduction
Nin, O. C., Boezaart, A. P., Giordano, C. R., Hughes, S. J., Parvataneni, H. K., Reina, M. Á., Schirmer, A. F., & Vasilopoulos, T. (2024) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1136/rapm-2024-105406 · Cited by 3
Words matter: Effects of instructional cues on pressure pain threshold values in healthy people
Evans, D. W., Mear, E., Neal, B. S., Waterworth, S., & Liew, B. X. W. (2024) · Musculoskeletal Science and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.msksp.2024.103150 · Cited by 3
A Functional Restoration Program for Active Duty Service Members With Chronic Pain: Examining the Impact of Co-occurring PTSD on Treatment Response
Espejo, E. P., Sheridan, T. M., Pino, C. A., Phillips, C. R., & Hanling, S. R. (2024) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usae080 · Cited by 3
Utility of the PICOTS framework to assess clinical trial disruptions: monitoring the impact of COVID-19 in the Pain Management Collaboratory
Peduzzi, P. N., Brandt, C., Dearth, C. L., Dziura, J. D., Farrokhi, S., George, S. Z., Kyriakides, T. C., Long, C. R., Mascha, E. J., Patterson, C. G., et al. (2024) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnae078 · Cited by 3
Opioid-Free Anesthesia in the Perioperative Setting—A Preliminary Retrospective Matched Cohort Study
Bell, A. G., Andrews, C. M., Highland, K. B., & Forbes, A. S. (2020) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaa570 · Cited by 3
Examining the effects of chronic pain on work performance in the military
Ransom, J. C., Hardin, S. B., Calero, P., DeFord, N. E., & Burkard, J. F. (2022) · Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners · doi:10.1097/jxx.0000000000000711 · Cited by 3
Validity and Responsiveness of the Portable Warrior Test of Tactical Agility After Rehabilitation in Service Members With Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
McCulloch, K. L., Oh, A. S., Cecchini, A., Zhang, W., Harrison, C. E., & Favorov, O. V. (2023) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzad100 · Cited by 3
Factors Associated With Chronic Pain Intensity in U.S. Army Soldiers
Ee, J. S., Dogbey, G. Y., Fitzpatrick, J. K., Agnello, R. N., Skelly, S. K., Chang, M. H., & Frost, L. S. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad137 · Cited by 3
Progress Toward Meaning-as-Goal and Its Association with Pain, Functioning, and Global Meaning and Purpose Among Veterans with Co-occurring Chronic Pain and PTSD
Reed, D. E., Palitsky, R., Engel, C. C., Williams, R. M., Kroenke, K., Bokhour, B. G., & Zeliadt, S. B. (2024) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-024-10320-3 · Cited by 3
“Health Characteristics Pain severity, as assessed by the Defense and Veterans Pain rating Scale (DVPRS) [33], and duration of problematic pain were self-reported in the survey.”
Total Knee Arthroplasty
Chokshi, R., & Elkassabany, N. M. (2019) · doi:10.1093/med/9780190856649.003.0006 · Cited by 3
Patient-centeredness and psychometric properties of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale 2.0 (DVPRS)
Costantino, R. C., Gressler, L. E., Highland, K. B., Oehrlein, E. M., Villalonga-Olives, E., & Perfetto, E. M. (2023) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnad125 · Cited by 3
Development and Validation of the Military Readiness Scale in U.S. Naval Aircrew
Taylor, M. K., Venkatesh, A., Campbell, J. S., Heaton, K. J., Kershaw, R. T., Gibbs, S. H., & Hernández, L. M. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf193 · Cited by 2
Multimodal Detection of Pain and Anticipation Anxiety from Ultra-Short Duration Wearable Sensors Measurements
Peitzsch, A. G., Geary, K., Kong, Y., Posada-Quintero, H. F., Havard, D. B., D’Angelo, W. R., & Chon, K. H. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26103181 · Cited by 2
“Visual analog scales (VAS), like the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale, have been developed to facilitate consistent rating of pain and anxiety, but are still open to subjectivity and of limited use when the patient cannot communicate their rating [10,11].”
Bilateral transversus abdominis plane and rectus sheath blocks with liposomal bupivacaine for patients undergoing robotic prostatectomy
Kazior, M. R., Nguyen, A., Kang, J. M., Al-Dojaily, Y., Coyne, B., Mukhopadhyay, N. D., & Hampton, L. J. (2023) · Journal of Robotic Surgery · doi:10.1007/s11701-023-01598-8 · Cited by 2
“Pain assessments were made by nursing using the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS) [29].”
Method
Validity of the Modified Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale Supplemented With Items Germane to Total Joint Replacement: Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Trial
Piva, S. R., Switzer, G. E., Mikolic, J. M., Boudreaux-Kelly, M. Y., Faruque, S., Aloziem, O. U., Ibinson, J. W., & Williams, B. A. (2023) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usad155 · Cited by 2
Longitudinal Predictors of PROMIS Satisfaction With Social Roles and Activities After Shoulder and Knee Sports Orthopaedic Surgery in United States Military Servicemembers: An Observational Study
Highland, K. B., Kent, M. L., McNiffe, N. J., Patzkowski, J. C., Patzkowski, M. S., Kane, A., & Giordano, N. A. (2023) · Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/23259671231184834 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
A Novel Approach to Assessing and Conservatively Treating Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome: A Case Study
Newman, D. P., Holkup, S. M., Masi, E. L., & Soto, A. T. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44912 · Cited by 2
Differences in content of care and outcomes between a clinical practice guideline adherent program and usual care for patellofemoral pain: A retrospective pilot study
Farrokhi, S., Gorczynski, S. R., Beisheim, E. H., Piva, S. R., Rhon, D. I., Willy, R. W., & Pontillo, M. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13298 · Cited by 2
“41 The DVPRS uses a numerical rating scale enhanced by functional word descriptors, color coding, and pictorial facial expressions matched to pain levels.”

Authors: Polomano, R. C., Galloway, K. T., Kent, M. L., Brandon-Edwards, H., Kwon, K. “., Morales, C., & Buckenmaier, C. ‘.
Affiliations: University of Pennsylvania (US)
Henry M. Jackson Foundation (US)
Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (US)
ORCID: Polomano, Rosemary C.
Kent, Michael L.
Kwon, Kyung “Nancy”
Morales, Carlos
Venue: Pain Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2016-06-06
Volume: 17
Issue: 8
Pages: 1505-1519
ISSN: 1526-2375 (ISSN-L)
1526-4637
DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnw105
OpenAlex: W2414119946
Cited by: 168
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 13.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: public-domain
Locations: Pain Medicine (publishedVersion, public-domain)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Funders: Henry M. Jackson Foundation
Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: pain scales, pain assessment, military personnel, veterans, chronic pain, acute pain, facial expressions, numerical rating scale, psychometric validation, reliability statistics, construct validity, known-groups validity
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain Measurement, Psychometrics, Veterans, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Psychometric Testing of the Defense and Veterans Pain Rating Scale (DVPRS): A New Pain Scale for Military Population

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks