The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Methods for Testing and Evaluating Survey Questions
Abstract
An examination of survey pretesting reveals a paradox. On the one hand, pretesting is the only way to evaluate in advance whether a questionnaire causes problems for interviewers or respondents. Consequently, both elementary textbooks and experienced researchers declare pretesting indispensable. On the other hand, most textbooks offer minimal, if any, guidance about pretesting methods, and published survey reports usually provide no information about whether questionnaires were pretested and, if so, how, and with what results. Moreover, until recently there was relatively little methodological research on pretesting. Thus pretesting’s universally acknowledged importance has been honored more in the breach than in the practice, and not a great deal is known about many aspects of pretesting, including the extent to which pretests serve their intended purpose and lead to improved questionnaires. Pretesting dates to the founding of the modern sample survey in the mid-1930s or shortly thereafter. The earliest references in scholarly journals are from 1940, by which time pretests apparently were well established. In that year Katz reported, “The American Institute of Public Opinion [i.e., Gallup] and Fortune [i.e., Roper] pretest their questions to avoid phrasings which will be unintelligible to the public and to avoid issues unknown to the man on the street” (Katz 1940, p. 279).
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“Data were collected using quantitative and qualitative methods, which is a widely recommended practice in survey-development and questionnaire evaluation [20].”
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“In addition, the PRO field generally has not taken full advantage of the decades of knowledge in the field of survey research psychology to construct items and responses that most clearly depict the experience of a symptom or an impact of a treatment or a condition [9–11].”
From PRO development: rigorous qualitative research as the crucial foundation (2010) · cites this paper as [9]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Presser, S., Couper, M. P., Lessler, J. T., Martin, E., Martin, J., Rothgeb, J. M., & Singer, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- RTI International (US)
- United States Census Bureau (US)
- Office for National Statistics (GB)
- ORCID
- Couper, M. P.
- Venue
- Public Opinion Quarterly
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-03-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 109-130
- ISSN
- 0033-362X (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5331
- OpenAlex
- W4238241388
- Cited by
- 546
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 26.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Public Opinion Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Survey Sampling and Estimation Techniques
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- questionnaire evaluation, questionnaire development, respondent comprehension, history of survey research
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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