Evaluation of Postural Stability in Children: Current Theories and Assessment Tools
Abstract
Children with many types of motor dysfunction have problems maintaining postural stability. Because maintenance of postural stability is an integral part of all movements, therapists evaluate and treat to improve postural stability in these children. This article reviews current pediatric assessment tools for postural stability and issues affecting testing this construct in children. The tests and measurements are classified according to their testing purpose and the National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research disablement framework, focusing on the impairment and functional limitation dimensions. Postural stability is defined from a systems perspective with tests related to the sensory, motor, and biomechanical systems described. Reliability and validity information on the measurements is discussed. Relatively few measurements of postural stability in children are available that have acceptable reliability and validity documentation. Suggestions for research on test development in this area are discussed.
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Children with CP show deficits in anticipatory postural adjustments, reactive postural adjustments, and sensory and musculoskeletal components of postural control compared with children with typical development.
“To date, it is known that children with CP show deficits in anticipatory postural adjustments, 4 -9 and reactive postural adjustments, 10 -12 as well as sensory 4,13 and musculoskeletal components 14,15 of postural control, compared with children with typical development.”
From Exercise interventions improve postural control in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review (2015) · cites this paper as [13]
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“2000), and postural stability (Westcott et al. 1997).”
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“Although the literature shows evidence of validity of the FRT in children with typical development (TD) and children with balance impairment, its use as an evaluative tool has not been recommended in these populations because of historically poor to fair test–retest values.(4) Fair test–retest reliability (intraclass…”
BackgroundIdentifying the level of trunk control of healthy term infants aged from 6 to 9 months
Greco, A. L. R., da Costa, C. S. N., & Tudella, E. (2018) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.12.007 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of Badminton Training on Physical Parameters of Players
Yüksel, M. F., Cengiz, A., Zorba, E., et al. (2015) · The Anthropologist · doi:10.1080/09720073.2015.11891845 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…balance skills in children by focusing on particular items within the subtests, tests can be used as both discriminative tools to file general postural stability problems and evaluative measures to record movement adjustments connected to the treat-ment of postural stability (Westcott et al. 1997).”
Postural Instability in Subjects With Usher Syndrome
Caldani, S., Bucci, M. P., Tisné, M., Audo, I. S., Abbeele, T. V. D., & Vacher, S. R. W. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00830 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Keniş-Coşkun, Ö., Karadağ‐Saygı, E., Bahar-Özdemir, Y., et al. (2017) · The Italian Journal of Pediatrics/Italian journal of pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0426-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Ibrahim Nahla, M., El-Sayed, S. E., Ragaa, A.-E. E., et al. (2022) · African Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ahs.v22i1.46 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sherief, A. E. A. A., Gazya, A. A. A., & Ghafar, M. A. A. (2015) · Egyptian Journal of Medical Human Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.ejmhg.2014.11.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lieb-Lundell, C. (2016) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.2522/ptj.20140430 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Peripheral sensory information and postural control in children with strabismus
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Exploring the General Motor Ability Construct
Ibrahim, H., Heard, N. P., & BLANKSBY, B. A. (2011) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/03.06.19.25.pms.113.5.491-508 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Westcott, S. L., Lowes, L. P., & Richardson, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Texas Woman's University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Westcott, Sarah L
- ORCID
- Lowes, Linda Pax
- Venue
- Physical Therapy
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1997-06-01
- Volume
- 77
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 629-645
- ISSN
- 0031-9023 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-6724
- OpenAlex
- W2166491219
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 6.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physical Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- postural stability, children, motor impairment, test reliability, test validity, sensory systems, motor system, biomechanics, test development
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adolescent, Age Factors, Biomechanical Phenomena, Child, Child, Preschool, Postural Balance, Humans, Infant, Posture, Sensation Disorders, Vestibular Function Tests, Reproducibility of Results, Physical Therapy Modalities
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