Interleukin-6 in serum of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
Abstract
Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis are diseases which are characterized by a brisk acute phase response. Cytokines, principally interleukin-1 and interleukin-6, are thought to mediate the release of acute phase proteins from hepatocytes. Employing a sensitive bioassay based on the hybridoma growth factor properties of interleukin-6, we investigated its levels in sequential sera obtained from 15 initially untreated patients with PMR/GCA. We found that interleukin-6 activity was significantly elevated in all untreated patients. Although there was a significant decline in its levels after successful steroid therapy, seven patients continued to have raised serum levels of interleukin-6 for up to 6 months after initiation of treatment. Activated endothelial cells are a potent source of interleukin-6 and its persistence in the circulation may be taken as evidence of continuing disease activity. What is not explicable is the normalization of the acute phase response soon after the commencement of steroid therapy when circulating levels of interleukin-6 are still high. This suggests that steroids may be having additional effects on hepatocyte function.
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IL-6 plays a key role in the immune-pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis and was identified as a potential target for its treatment.
“IL-6 plays a key role in the immune-pathogenesis of GCA and was identified as a potential target for the treatment of GCA.95”
From Autoimmune diseases and immune-checkpoint inhibitors for cancer therapy: Review of the literature and personalized risk-based prevention strategy (2020) · cites this paper as [95]
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BackgroundResultProduction of interleukin 6 by granulomas of giant cell arteritis
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“Indeed, IL-6 levels correlate with disease activity and can be a useful biomarker in evaluating disease activity [76, 77].”
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“Increased production of IL-6 has been reported in TAK [2,3] and GCA [4,5], and IL-6 has been recognized as an Table 1.”
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“The blockade of IL-6 was considered as a potential therapeutic option in GCA with the original observation that IL-6 levels are raised in GCA and PMR [30] and decrease in response to glucocorticoids in patients with GCA.”
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“Dasgupta (38) 1990 GCA and PMR 15 Untreated disease IL-6 ESR 0.”
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ResultTreatment of giant cell arteritis
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“The first data on the relevance of IL-6 in GCA were reported by Dasgupta and Panayi (93).”
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Tocilizumab for the treatment of giant cell arteritis
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“Increased serum levels of IL-6 in GCA-patients have first been reported in 1990, declining after successful treatment with GC [9].”
BackgroundExpression of interleukin-6 in synovial tissue of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica
Jiemy, W. F., Zhang, A., Boots, A. M. H., et al. (2022) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard-2022-222873 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
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Castañeda, S., García-Castañeda, N., Prieto-Pena, D., Martínez-Quintanilla, D., Vicente, E. F., Blanco, R., & González-Gay, M. Á. (2019) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2019.03.027 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“IL-6 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a broad spectrum of diseases including inflammatory diseases, and also in the pathogenesis of PMR (71,72).”
BackgroundRecent advances in the treatment of giant cell arteritis
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“Following the use of glucocorticoids, there is a rapid decrease of IL-6 levels that generally correlates with a reduction in the activity of the disease [76,77].”
BackgroundMechanism and biomarkers in aortitis––a review
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Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis
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“The PMR patients presented with typical symptoms such as: (1) adynamia (sudden appearance of either pronounced change in daily routine behaviour, pronounced fatigue, loss of normal power, or loss of interest); (2) bilateral muscular pain in shoulders, upper arms or neck; (3) bilateral muscular pain in the pelvic girdl…”
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“Of the many immunological investigations in PMR, decreased %CD8 T cells [5±9] and increased IL-6 [13, 14] serum levels are two of the most consistently reported.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTocilizumab in giant cell arteritis: an update for the clinician
Ford, J. A., Gewurz, D., & Gewurz‐Singer, O. (2023) · Current Opinion in Rheumatology · doi:10.1097/bor.0000000000000937 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis
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Current advances in the treatment of giant cell arteritis: the role of biologics
Low, C., & Conway, R. P. (2019) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x19827222 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Biologic Therapies for Giant Cell Arteritis
Harrington, R., Nokhatha, S. A. A., & Conway, R. P. (2021) · Biologics · doi:10.2147/btt.s229662 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“As mentioned already, glucocorticoids drastically reduce IL-6 levels in GCA patients and this observation was the rationale for IL-6 blockade and the investigation of tocilizumab as a glucocorticoid sparing therapy in GCA.(20) Currently, glucocorticoids remain the anchor treatment for inducing remission and biologics…”
BackgroundTocilizumab in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Associated Uveitis, a Narrative Review
Iannone, C., Marelli, L., Costi, S., Pellico, M. R., Franca, L. L., Caporali, R., & Miserocchi, E. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10030434 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Children 2023, 10, 434 6 of 12 Children 2023, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 13 disease as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) [51,52], juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) [53], adultonset Still’s disease (AOSD) [54], giant cell arteritis (GCA) [55] and Castleman disease [56], cytokine release syndrome, and uveitis [19].”
BackgroundCid, M. C., Garcés, R. R., Terrades-García, N., & Espígol‐Frigolé, G. (2019) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kez645 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Cytokines: Physiological and Pathophysiological Aspects
Evans, S. W., & Whicher, J. T. (1993) · Advances in clinical chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0065-2423(08)60194-8 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Targeting interleukin-6 pathways in giant cell arteritis management: A narrative review of evidence
Samson, M., Dasgupta, B., Sammel, A. M., et al. (2024) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103716 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationTocilizumab for giant cell arteritis
Antonio, A. A., Santos, R. N., & Abariga, S. A. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013484.pub2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Satybaldyev, A. M., Demidova, N. V., Savushkina, N. M., & Gordeev, A. V. (2018) · Rheumatology Science and Practice · doi:10.14412/1995-4484-2018-215-227 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
de Souza, A. W. S., van der Geest, K. S. M., Brouwer, E., Pinheiro, F. A. G., Oliveira, A. C. D., Sato, E. I., Andrade, L. E. C., Bijl, M., Westra, J., & Kallenberg, C. G. M. (2015) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0672-8 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Profile of tocilizumab and its potential in the treatment of giant cell arteritis
Mollan, S. P., Horsburgh, J., & Dasgupta, B. (2018) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s127812 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Focus on IL-6 IL-6 was found to be significantly elevated in the serum of untreated GCA patients, with some patients having persistently high levels after GC treatment.(47) Furthermore, serum IL-6 levels were found to be a more sensitive marker of disease activity than erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)(48) and the…”
Self-citationStrand, V., Msihid, J., Sloane, J., Nivens, M. C., Chao, J., Giannelou, A., Fiore, S., Araujo, L., & Dasgupta, B. (2025) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(25)00041-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationActualización terapéutica en las vasculitis de grandes vasos
Pérez, S., González-Gay, M. Á., & Castañeda, S. (2013) · Revista Clínica Española · doi:10.1016/j.rce.2013.03.008 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- DASGUPTA, B., & PANAYI, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Guy's Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- PANAYI, G. S.
- Venue
- Rheumatology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 456-458
- ISSN
- 1462-0324 (ISSN-L)
- 1462-0332
- OpenAlex
- W2111894252
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Lara D. Veeken (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vasculitis and related conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Autoimmune and Inflammatory Disorders Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Otitis Media and Relapsing Polychondritis
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, polymyalgia rheumatica, giant cell arteritis, acute phase response, serum cytokines, corticosteroid therapy, endothelial cells, hepatocyte function, disease activity, interleukin-1
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte, Blood Cells, Humans, Leukocyte Count, Polymyalgia Rheumatica, T-Lymphocytes, Giant Cell Arteritis, Antigens, CD, Interleukin-6, CD8 Antigens
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