CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 137Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryPsychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending

Course Types in Schizophrenia: An Analysis of European and American Studies

Open access
Harding, C. M.·1988·Schizophrenia Bulletin
DOI 10.1093/schbul/14.4.633
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

There have only been a dozen studies in the world literature which have followed patients across decades after their first admissions. Persistent findings of wide heterogeneity in long-term outcome functioning have broadened and challenged the pessimistic view of outcome held by many clinicians with short-term and narrowly defined caseloads. This report compares and contrasts three very long-term followup studies completed in the past 15 years which have also documented course as well as outcome. Ciompi's schematic representation of longitudinal courses has been augmented by data from the Vermont and Burghölzli studies and sheds new light on the underlying hidden heterogeneity within samples. Two case studies present vivid portraits of very different trajectories taken over time and illuminate the processes under scrutiny.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/schbul/14.4.633

Cites

22 of 22 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Recovery from schizophrenia clearly occurs.

    “Recovery from schizophrenia clearly occurs [229–231], but it is unclear whether those who are free of positive symptoms but who have mild residual disability should be counted as “active” cases or not.”

    From A Systematic Review of the Prevalence of Schizophrenia (2005) · cites this paper as [231]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Bleuler, M. Die schizophrenen Geistesstorungen im Lichte langjahriger Krnnken-und Familiengeschichten. Stuttgart: George Thieme Verlag (New York: Intercontinental Medi- cal Book Corp., U.S. Distribution), 1972.
  2. Brooks, G.W., and Deane, W.N. Vocational rehabilitation. In: Tal- bott, J.A., ed. The Chronic Mentally 111-Treatment, Programs, Systems. New York: Human Services Press, 1981. pp. 96-100.
  3. Ciompi, L., and Miiller, C. Lebensxveg und Alter der Schizo- phrenen: Erne katamncstische Lonzeitstudies bis ins senium. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1976.
  4. Harding, CM.; Brooks, G.W.; Ashikaga, T.; Strauss, J.S.; and Breier, A. The Vermont longitudinal study: II. Long-term outcome for subjects who retrospectively met DSM-1II criteria for schizophrenia. American journal of Psychiatry, 144-727-735, 1987/;.
  5. In: Miller, N.E., and Cohen, CD., eds. Schizophrenia, Paranoia and Scliizoplireniform Disorders in Later Life. New York: Guilford Press, 1987c. pp. 74-82.
  6. Harding, CM.; McCormick, R.V.; Strauss, J.S.; Ashikaga, T.; and Brooks, G.W. Investigating media- ting factors in the long-term course of DSM-I1I schizophrenia with com- puterized life chart methods. British journal of Psychiatry, in press.
  7. Harding, CM., and Strauss, J.S. The course of schizophrenia: An evolving concept. In: Alpert, M., ed. Controversies in Schizophrenia: Changes and Constancies. New York: Guilford Press, 1985. pp. 333-347.
  8. Huber, G.; Gross, C; and Schuttler, R. Schizophrenic: Verlaufs und sozmlpsychiatrische Langzeitunter- suchungen an den 1945 bis 1959 in Bonn hospitalisierten schizophrenen Kranken: Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie. Bd 21. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1979.
  9. Leighton, A.H., and Leighton, D.C Gregorio, the Hand-Trembler: A psychobiological personality study of a Navaho Indian. In: Peabody Museum Papers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1949.
  10. Shapiro, R., and Shader, R. Selec- tive review of results of previous follow-up studies of schizophrenia and other psychoses. In: World Health Organization. Schizophrenia: An International Follow-up Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1979. pp. 11^4.
  11. Strauss, J.S.; Harding, CM.; Hafez, H.; and Lieberman, P. The role of the patient in recovery from psychosis. In: Strauss, J.S.; Boker, W.; and Brenner, H.D., eds. Psycho- social Treatment of Schizophrenia Bern: Hans Huber Publishers, 1987. pp. 160-167.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Harding, C. M.
Affiliations
Yale University (US)
Corresponding author
Harding, C. M.
Venue
Schizophrenia Bulletin
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
1988-01-01
Volume
14
Issue
4
Pages
633-643
ISSN
  • 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
  • 1745-1701
DOI
10.1093/schbul/14.4.633
OpenAlex
W2149113709
Cited by
137
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
FWCI
4.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (MH-40607, MH-29575)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
Keywords
schizophrenia, long-term outcomes
MeSH terms
Aged, Chronic Disease, Family, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Social Environment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review