The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toward Understanding the Insight Paradox: Internalized Stigma Moderates the Association Between Insight and Social Functioning, Hope, and Self-esteem Among People with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Open accessAbstract
Research has paradoxically linked awareness of illness to both better function outcomes and lesser hope and self-esteem. One possible explanation for these findings is that acceptance of having schizophrenia may impact outcomes differently depending on the meanings the person attaches to this acceptance, particularly whether he or she accepts stigmatizing beliefs about mental illness. To explore this possibility we performed a cluster analysis of 75 persons with schizophrenia spectrum disorders based on single measures of insight using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, internalized stigma using the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, and compared groups on concurrent assessments of hope and self-esteem. Three groups were produced by the cluster analyses: low in sight/mild stigma (n = 23), high insight/minimal stigma (n = 25), and high insight/moderate stigma (n = 27). As predicted, analysis of variance-comparing groups revealed that the high insight/moderate stigma group had significantly the lowest levels of hope on the Beck Hopelessness Scale and self-esteem using the Multidimensional Self-esteem Inventory. As predicted, the high insight/minimal stigma group also had significantly less impaired social function than the other groups. Implications for assisting persons to come to cope with awareness of illness and stigma are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In what may be referred to as the”
From Insight in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: relationship with behavior, mood and perceived quality of life, underlying causes and emerging treatments (2018) · cites this paper as [75]
Citations
Cites
The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.
Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A. (1987) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261 · Cited by 21,378
Lippa, N. C., & Sanderson, S. C. (2013) · Human Heredity · doi:10.1159/000353712 · Cited by 6,095
The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0037562 · Cited by 5,494
The disability paradox: high quality of life against all odds
Albrecht, G. L., & DEVLIEGER, P. J. (1999) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00411-0 · Cited by 2,146
A Modified Labeling Theory Approach to Mental Disorders: An Empirical Assessment
Link, B. G., Cullen, F. T., Struening, E., Shrout, P. E., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095613 · Cited by 1,935
Multivariate Analysis: Methods and Applications
Dillon, W. R., & Goldstein, M. (1984) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 1,919
Internalized stigma of mental illness: psychometric properties of a new measure
Ritsher, J. B., Otilingam, P. G., & Grajales, M. (2003) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2003.08.008 · Cited by 1,727
The Quality of Life Scale: An Instrument for Rating the Schizophrenic Deficit Syndrome
Heinrichs, D. W., Hanlon, T. E., & Carpenter, W. T. (1984) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/10.3.388 · Cited by 1,693
Lacro, J. P., Dunn, L. B., Dolder, C. R., Leckband, S. G., & Jeste, D. V. (2002) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v63n1007 · Cited by 1,383
David, A. S. (1990) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.156.6.798 · Cited by 1,183
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 601–687 of 687
Représentations du travail et réinsertion professionnelle
Dubreucq, J., Fernandez, E., Lucas, T., Gabayet, F., Revil, K., & Roussel, C. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-74526-3.00015-2
Use of Social Networking Sites by People with Health Issues
Imai, T. (2016) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-1856-3.ch004
McNeill, D. M. J. (2014) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Yanos, P. T. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108165006.007
Self-citationChristie, K.-L. (2014) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2014-10072
Concealment of nonreligious identity: Scale construction and validation
Mackey, C. D. (2019) · UTC Scholar (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga)
Prasetyo, F. A., & Gunawijaya, J. (2018) · ANIMA Indonesian Psychological Journal · doi:10.24123/aipj.v33i3.1691
Taylor, E. K. (2018) · Research Online (University of Wollongong)
How I See Myself in You. Social Perception and Clinical Insight in Schizophrenia
Feyer, F. K. (2019) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues
Imai, T. (2019) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-1063-6.ch011
Perception of Medical Staff VIS-A-VIS the Stigma Patients with Mental Disorders
Nechita, P., Craciun, C., & Crăciun, G. (2018) · International Journal of Advances in Social Science and Humanities
Factors Affecting Stigma of Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Shin, C.-H. (2020) · The Journal of Korean Society of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.14519/kjot.2020.28.1.10
Giraud-Baro, É., & Roussel, C. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71342-2.00002-4
El-hameed, N. A. E.-G. A., Marzouk, H. K., & Saray, O. A. A. E.-F. A. (2020) · International Journal of Advance Research in Nursing · doi:10.33545/nursing.2020.v3.i1b.91
Pande, K. T. (2021) · International Journal of Indian Psychology · doi:10.25215/0903.026
Benefits and Risks Associated With Use of Social Media by People With Health Issues
Imai, T. (2021) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-3542-7.ch085
Corrigan, P. W., Roe, D., & Tsang, H. W. H. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470977507.refs
Self-citationLysaker, P. H., & Lysaker, J. T. (2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199215768.003.009
Self-citationPerceptions of dental fluorosis among community members in the Sudano-Sahelian Cameroon
Bouba, A., Dangmo, L., Elvire, N. A. M., & Takougang, I. (2022) · International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences · doi:10.22271/oral.2022.v8.i2e.1522
(2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199215768.001.0001.002.002
(2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199215768.001.0001.002.003
(2008) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780199215768.002.0004
(2022) · De Boeck Supérieur eBooks · doi:10.3917/dbu.lagab.2022.01.0307
Geerling, B. (2023) · University of Twente Research Information · doi:10.3990/1.9789464693157
Facteurs subjectifs et cognition : implications pour la remédiation cognitive
Prouteau, A., & Valéry, K.-M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-78309-8.00003-3
Lacroix, A., Puybaret, V., Villéger, P., Zattoni-Leroy, J., Cantaloube, S., Chevalier, C., & Nubukpo, P. (2023) · Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.therap.2023.07.006
Techapoonpon, K., Kerdcharoen, N., Polruamngern, N., Chalermrungroj, T., Srikhamdokkhae, O., & Matangkarat, P. (2023) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s425537
Metacognitive reflection and insight therapy for bipolar mood disorders: A pilot study
Komandur, P. (2023) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.243152
Internalized Stigma and its Correlates Among Opioid Agonist Treatment Service Users in Nepal
Pant, S. B., Thapa, S. B., Howard, J., Ojha, S. P., & Lien, L. (2023) · Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation and Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s40737-023-00353-4
Self-Stigma, insight and influencing factors among Iranian neurotic psychiatric outpatientsPreprint
Ayoubi, A., Amirkafi, A., Shariat, S. V., Movahedi, S., & Shalbafan, M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4191459/v1
Wiesepape, C. N., Phulpin, H., Huling, K. S., & Lysaker, P. H. (2024) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-024-09625-x
Self-citation"فاعلية برنامج إرشادي معرفي سلوكي لخفض الشعور بالوصمة ورفع تقدير الذات لدى المراهقات مجهولات النسب"
الستار, ر. م. ع. (2024) · المجلة المصرية للدراسات النفسية · doi:10.21608/ejcj.2024.352187
Ashraf, F. (2024) · Journal of Research in Social Sciences · doi:10.52015/jrss.12i2.256 · Cited by 1
Maunder, R. D. (2024) · Counselling Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1080/09515070.2024.2384424
Henderson, R. R., Parker, G., Cooke, D. L., Downing, S. T., Fernandez, A. M. P., Schultz, I., Nielsen, A. M., García, A. A., Uddin, R., Scrabis, A., et al. (2024) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2024.100499
Chapter 3. Prodromal Phase and First-Episode Schizophrenia
Nelson, B., Killackey, E. J., Yung, A. R., Álvarez‐Jiménez, M., & McGorry, P. D. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg03
Chapter 10. Psychological Interventions for Schizophrenia
Rossi, A., Stratta, P., & Riccardi, I. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg10
(2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.fm01
Chapter 1. Introduction to Schizophrenia
Lauriello, J., Biehl, T. K., & Bagby-Stone, S. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg01
Chapter 2. Basic Science Underlying Schizophrenia
Cronenwett, W. J., Agarwal, G., & Csernansky, J. G. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg02
Chapter 5. Cognition and Schizophrenia
Strik, W. K., Schmidt, S., & Roder, V. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg05
Chapter 7. Substance Use Disorders and Schizophrenia
Bogenschutz, M. P., & Arenella, P. B. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg07
Chapter 11. Family Issues and Treatment in Schizophrenia
Drapalski, A. L., & Dixon, L. B. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg11
Chapter 12. Remission in Schizophrenia
Young-Walker, L., Mendelowitz, A. J., & Lauriello, J. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg12
Chapter 4. Clinical Assessment in Schizophrenia
Pallanti, S., & Cantisani, A. (2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.lg04
(2012) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615378142.index
de Moor, E. L., Bodden, D. H. M., & Branje, S. (2025) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2025.2451800 · Cited by 1
Martinez-Kaigi, V. T. (2018) · University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) · doi:10.12794/metadc1248399
Rae, J., Lavigne, K. M., Sauvé, G., Lepage, M., & Raucher‐Chéné, D. (2025) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437251329074
Wilkinson, E. (2024) · Scholars Archive - University at Albany (University at Albany, State University of New York) · doi:10.54014/7sew-4fp4
Mastrogiovanni, N., & Nickerson, A. (2025) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615251348300
López‐Díaz, Á., López-Moríñigo, J.-D., de la Foz, V. O., Marín-Mateo, H., Ortíz-Jiménez, M. D., Huarcaya-Victoria, J., Talavera, G. G., González‐Blanch, C., Crespo‐Facorro, B., Cuesta, M. J., et al. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2025.10850
Sum, M. Y., Wong, C. T. W., Chu, S. T., Tsui, H. K. H., Suen, Y. N., Lee, E. H. M., Hui, C. L. M., Chang, W. C., Lim, K. O., & Chan, S. K. W. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07609-2
Berry, C. (2014) · Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex)
Pitten, K. M., Kalarchian, M. A., Henderson, D. C., & Nolfi, D. (2026) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2026.152053
Pyszkowska, A., Burek, P., & Nowacki, A. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202811
Gawron, L., Portella, M. J., & Pousa, E. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116965
Erdoğan, D. B. B., Aşut, G., Kaya, H., & Göka, E. (2026) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-026-00615-4
Kumar, M. T., & Kar, N. (2026) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176251415360
Biopsychosocial correlates of active suicidal ideation in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Huang, X., & Kuang, X. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.117034
The battle within: Interplay of defeatist beliefs and self-stigma in schizophrenia
Gupta, P., Kumar, D., Sivakumar, T., & Thirthalli, J. (2026) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2026.104927
You, S., Xie, Y., Wang, X., Tang, S., & Wu, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1744418
Hillis, J. D., Faith, L. A., Wiesepape, C. N., & Muth, A. J. (2026) · International Journal of Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijcs2020009
Küçük, D. C., & Tatu, M. K. (2026) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20260420-02 · Cited by 1
Changes in insight and outcome over the early course of first-episode psychosis. The OPTiMiSE trial
López-Moríñigo, J.-D., Díaz‐Caneja, C. M., Galvañ, J., Fraguas, D., Moreno, C., Berger, G., Leucht, S., Rossum, I. W.-V., David, A. L., & Arango, C. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.scog.2026.100441
Stigma, Depression, and Social Support in Black Individuals Diagnosed with Schizophrenia
Anakwenze, O., Himmelstein, M., & Plourde, J. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-02870-x
Kugonza, T., Ndyomugabe, M., Sikahwa, W. A., Ojuman, P., Muwanguzi, M., Rubega, A., & Ashaba, S. (2026) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100684
Lamarca, M., Navarro, J. B., Leon-Morales, D., González‐Higueras, F., Torres-Hernández, P., Cid, J., Jordá-Jordá, A., Birulés, I., Naides, N., Vidal, C., et al. (2026) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057261440689
Toki, E. I., Karampas, A., Markozannes, G., Ntourou, I., Asimakopoulos, A., Ntouros, E., Plakoutsis, M., Georgiou, G. K., Kotsis, K. T., Petrakou, S., et al. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14152342
Menschen mit verschiedenen psychischen Erkrankungen und deren Angehörige
Rüsch, N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23520-7.00005-2
(2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-23520-7.09981-5
Self-stigma among individuals with substance use disorders: an exploratory study
Patil, V., Shakya, P., Balhara, Y. P. S., & Patra, B. N. (2026) · Journal of Substance Use · doi:10.1080/14659891.2026.2715424
Halaj, A., & Zimmerman, M. (2026) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000474
Insight in Psychosis and Suicidality: A Scoping Review of a Paradoxical Relationship
Gieselman, M., Wiesepape, C. N., & Garrelts, J. (2026) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint7050206
Sajja, S. K., Kailash, S. Z., Sureshkumar, K., & Aravindh, M. (2026) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_252_25
Mitsubayashi, R., Tarutani, S., Amano, M., Furuya, T., & Sugaya, T. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.10.014
Relational Authenticity as the Condition for Personal Recovery: Selfhood in the Aftermath of TraumaPreprint
SUGIURA, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10767262/v1
Recovery and Transformations from Loss in Adults with Serious Mental Illness
Leith, J. E. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network)
Risk and Protective Factors of Internalized Mental Illness Stigma
Klik, K. A. (2015) · Digital Commons - East Tennessee State University (East Tennessee State University)
Metadata
- Authors
- Lysaker, P. H., Roe, D., & Yanos, P. T.
- Affiliations
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center (US)
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (US)
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lysaker, P. H.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-12-07
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 192-199
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC2012366
- OpenAlex
- W2162981648
- Cited by
- 688
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 43 · 2012: 47
- FWCI
- 11.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23MH066973)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- insight, self-stigma
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Awareness, Culture, Female, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Personality Inventory, Prejudice, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Self Concept, Sick Role, Social Adjustment, Outcome Assessment, Health Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review