The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.

Kay, S. R.; Fiszbein, A.; Opler, L. A.

doi:10.1093/schbul/13.2.261

Cited by 21,378Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryPsychological Testing and Assessment

The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.

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Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., Opler, L. A.·1987·Schizophrenia Bulletin

DOI 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261

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Abstract

The variable results of positive-negative research with schizophrenics underscore the importance of well-characterized, standardized measurement techniques. We report on the development and initial standardization of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for typological and dimensional assessment. Based on two established psychiatric rating systems, the 30-item PANSS was conceived as an operationalized, drug-sensitive instrument that provides balanced representation of positive and negative symptoms and gauges their relationship to one another and to global psychopathology. It thus constitutes four scales measuring positive and negative syndromes, their differential, and general severity of illness. Study of 101 schizophrenics found the four scales to be normally distributed and supported their reliability and stability. Positive and negative scores were inversely correlated once their common association with general psychopathology was extracted, suggesting that they represent mutually exclusive constructs. Review of five studies involving the PANSS provided evidence of its criterion-related validity with antecedent, genealogical, and concurrent measures, its predictive validity, its drug sensitivity, and its utility for both typological and dimensional assessment.

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The sample's PANSS Positive, Negative, and General subscale scores were on average 0.52, 1.89, and 3.91 points higher, respectively, than those reported in the original publication of the scale.
“The PANSS Positive-, Negative-, and General subscale scores of the sample were, on average, 0.52, 1.89, and 3.91 points higher, respectively, than those reported in the original publication of the scale.38”
From Yoga-Based Group Intervention for Inpatients with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders—Feasibility, Acceptability, and Preliminary Outcomes of a Rater-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. (2026) · cites this paper as [38]
The psychiatric assessment of psychotic symptoms is commonly conducted using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).
“The psychiatric assessment of psychotic symptoms is commonly conducted using the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS, Kay et al., 1987).”
From Auditory Hallucinations and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Within Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse (2011) · cites this paper as Kay et al., 1987

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“…Green et al. Paranoid Thoughts Scale (Green et al., 2008); ISI = Insomnia Severity Index (Morin, 1993); PANSS = Positive and Negative Symptom Scale (Kay et al., 1987); PSQI = Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (Buysse et al., 1989); PSYRATS = Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (Haddock et al.,…”
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Authors: Kay, S. R., Fiszbein, A., & Opler, L. A.
Affiliations: Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
Corresponding author: Kay, S. R.
ORCID: Opler, L. A.
Venue: Schizophrenia Bulletin
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1987-01-01
Volume: 13
Issue: 2
Pages: 261-276
ISSN: 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
1745-1701
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/13.2.261
OpenAlex: W2140606211
Cited by: 21,378
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 794 · 2025: 1099 · 2024: 1067 · 2023: 1030 · 2022: 1024 · 2021: 1155 · 2020: 1086 · 2019: 1039 · 2018: 988 · 2017: 989 · 2016: 1111 · 2015: 996 · 2014: 949 · 2013: 945 · 2012: 888
FWCI: 16.48
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: PANSS, schizophrenia
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology

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The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia.

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