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Social Anhedonia and Schizotypy in a Community Sample: The Maryland Longitudinal Study of Schizotypy
Open accessAbstract
Social anhedonia has been employed in psychometric high-risk studies to identify putative schizotypes. To date, this research has focused almost exclusively on college samples. The current study sought to examine the validity of social anhedonia as an indicator of risk for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders within a community sample. Furthermore, we evaluated the role of other individual difference variables in accounting for variable clinical severity within the social anhedonia group including trait affectivity, social support, and family environment. Following the mailed questionnaire screening of 2434 eighteen-year olds, laboratory assessments were conducted with individuals identified as being high in social anhedonia (n=86) and a comparison sample (n=89). Compared with the control group, individuals in the social anhedonia group were found to have higher rates of mood disorders, elevated schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder characteristics, greater negative symptom characteristics, and lower global functioning. Individuals within the social anhedonia group also reported greater trait negative affectivity, lower positive affectivity, less social support, and more family conflict. Low social support and problematic family environment were found to be related to elevations in spectrum personality disorder characteristics and poorer functioning within the social anhedonia group. These cross-sectional findings from a community sample provide further support for social anhedonia as a possible indicator of schizotypy.
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“social anhedonia is related to lower levels of social functioning (Blanchard et al., 2011)”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Blanchard et al., 2011
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“People drawn from the general healthy community with high levels of social anhedonia report fewer personal relationships (30, 36), are less likely to be in intimate relationships (37), prefer to be alone (30), are less committed to, and experience fewer positive feelings toward, their partner when in a relationship (31).”
From A transdiagnostic perspective on social anhedonia (2019) · cites this paper as [36]
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“Furthermore, we have benefited from innovative research using schizotypy measures conducted by colleagues in the field (e.g., Blanchard et al., 2011; Bolinsky et al., 2017; Gooding et al., 2005).”
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“, 2009), report less social support and social coping (Blanchard et al., 2011; Horan et al., 2007), greater levels of perceived stress (Horan et al.”
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“Moreover, anhedonia has a functional impact on engagement in social connection, as social anhedonia has been associated with decreased social support and impaired functioning in social domains (Blanchard et al., 2011) .”
Social anhedonia is associated with neural abnormalities during face emotion processing
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“Higher levels of SA are related to lower levels of social support and social functioning (Blanchard et al., 2011).”
BackgroundQuality of life across the schizotypy spectrum: findings from a large nonclinical adult sample
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“Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies employing these measures have enhanced our understanding of schizotypy and the development of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (e.g., BarrantesVidal et al., 2013; Blanchard et al., 2011; Chapman et al., 1994; Gooding et al., 2005; Raine, 1991).”
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“…2001) difficulties, deteriorated socioeconomic status (Thaker et al., 2001), interpersonal problems (Aguirre et al., 2008; Barrantes-Vidal et al., 2010; Blanchard et al., 2011), and increased depressive and anxiety traits (Lewandowski et al., 2006; Seghers et al., 2011), resulting in poor…”
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InfluentialSocial anhedonia and social functioning: Loneliness as a mediator
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“For example, Blanchard et al. (2011) reported that high scorers on the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale exhibited elevated rates of schizophrenia-spectrum symptoms and impaired functioning. Gooding et al. (2006) reported that participants scoring high on the Perceptual Aberration, Magical Ideation, or Revised Social Anh…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIs social anhedonia related to emotional responsivity and expressivity? A laboratory study in women
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“Several studies have now shown that social anhedonia in nonclinical individuals is characterized by decreased positive affect (Gooding et al., 2002; Kerns et al., 2008; Leung et al., 2010; Blanchard et al., 2011).”
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Cella, M., Serra, M., Lai, A., Mason, O. J., Sisti, D., Rocchi, M., Preti, A., & Петретто, Д. Р. (2012) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.04.002 · Cited by 49
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Behavioral signs of schizoidia and schizotypy in social anhedonics
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Self-citationEpidemiological Dimensions of Social Anhedonia
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“The posterior STS/TPJ integrates information from the external environment and internal sensory and perceptual information and plays an important role in self-other distinction (Abu-Akel and Shamay-Tsoory, 2011).”
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“Psychometric assessment of psychosis-proneness in general, and in particular, schizotypy, has proven to be a viable means of screening large numbers of individuals from community (Blanchard et al., 2011) and college populations (e.”
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“Since social dysfunction is one of the major features of schizotypal personality disorder (Blanchard et al., 2009; Raine, 2006), it is not clear whether reinforcement stimuli with more social content would lead to the same results.”
The Association Between Autistic Traits and Mental Well-Being
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Perinatal complications and schizophrenia: involvement of the immune system
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“Features of social withdrawal, anxiety and anhedonia in those individuals with elevated schizophrenia-spectrum personality disorder is often observed (Gruzelier and Kaiser, 1996; Blanchard et al., 2011).”
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“Social anhedonia (SocAhn), which has been consistently demonstrated in schizophrenia patients, is also a core manifestation of schizotypy (Blanchard et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2014).”
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“Each UHR individual met at least one of the following diagnoses: (1) attenuated positive symptom syndrome, (2) brief intermittent psychotic symptom syndrome, or (3) genetic risk and deterioration syndrome.”
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“It was consistently found that the SA group exceeds the control group in the reported number of psychotic experiences (PEs) (Kwapil, 1998; Collins et al., 2005; Rey et al., 2009; Blanchard et al., 2011).”
BackgroundMotivation and effort in individuals with social anhedonia
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“Additionally, in nonclinical samples, elevated social anhedonia is an important research target, because it associated with clinical symptoms, decreased social support (Blanchard et al., 2011), and impaired social functioning (Diaz et al., 2003; Diaz, 2006).”
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Emotion processing deficits in the different dimensions of psychometric schizotypy
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“In the healthy population, anhedonia has also been observed in at-risk individuals such as those with schizotypy, who are medication-free but exhibit cognitive deficits and psychotic symptom-like experiences (Blanchard et al., 2011; Cohen et al., 2006).”
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Le, T. P., Cowan, T., Schwartz, E. K., Elvevåg, B., Holmlund, T. B., Foltz, P. W., Barkus, E., & Cohen, A. S. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112625 · Cited by 36
“, 2016), negative schizotypy and associated psychometrically-defined social anhedonia remain a particularly important vulnerability marker for transition of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and psychosis (Blanchard et al., 2011).”
Self-citationTrajectories of schizotypy and their emotional and social functioning: An 18-month follow-up study
Wang, Y., Shi, H., Liu, W., Xie, D., Geng, F., Yan, C., Wang, Y., Xiao, Y.-H., So, S. H., Chiu, C., et al. (2017) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.07.038 · Cited by 30
“Studies also found that within the schizotypal group, individuals with negative schizotypy had poorer social functioning than those with positive schizotypy (Blanchard et al., 2011; Henry et al., 2008).”
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“Furthermore, studies based on undergraduate student (Kwapil, 1998) and general population samples (Blanchard et al. 2011) have confirmed that high scores on scales designed to assess social anhedonia are associated with psychosis proneness and/or schizotypy.”
BackgroundLi, X., Li, Z., Li, K., Zeng, Y., Shi, H., Xie, W.-L., Yang, Z., Lui, S. S. Y., Cheung, E. F. C., Leung, A. W. S., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep35481 · Cited by 27
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“Furthermore, recent studies have also shown that individuals experiencing less pleasure in social interactions have hedonic deficits in social affect (Xie et al., 2014), greater negative-symptom-like characteristics and worse social functioning (Blanchard et al., 2011).”
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“At the same time, even if these results do not generalize beyond undergraduate samples, the current results are relevant to schizotypy research because the WSS are much more commonly used with college students than general population samples (Blanchard et al., 2011).”
ResultThe subjective-objective deficit paradox in schizotypy extends to emotion regulation and awareness
Li, L. Y., Karcher, N. R., Kerns, J. G., Fung, C. K., & Martin, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.01.026 · Cited by 27
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“In the baseline MLSS data, we found that compared to controls, individuals with social anhedonia were abnormal with respect to PA and NA (Blanchard et al., 2011), and also found to report less cohesion and greater conflict in family relationships, poorer social support and overall lower functioning.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationBarrantes‐Vidal, N., Gómez-de-Regil, L., Navarro, J. B., Vicens-Vilanova, J., Obiols, J. E., & Kwapil, T. R. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.12.008 · Cited by 25
“A substantial body of work has demonstrated that psychometrically assessed schizotypy is associated cross-sectionally with laboratory, interview, cognitive, and biobehavioral measures of schizophrenic symptoms and impairment (Claridge, 1997; Raine, 2006; Blanchard et al., 2011; Kwapil et al., 2012).”
Premkumar, P., Onwumere, J., Albert, J., Kessel, D., Kumari, V., Kuipers, E., & Carretié, L. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1073855 · Cited by 25
“…Brown et al. 2008; Horton et al. 2014), such that social anxiety relates more strongly to positive than negative schizotypy, while social avoidance relates more strongly to negative than positive schizotypy (Berry et al. 2007; Blanchard et al. 2011; Haralanova et al. 2012; Kwapil et al. 2013).”
BackgroundRiehle, M., & Lincoln, T. M. (2017) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.01.003 · Cited by 26
Cohen, A. S., Couture, S. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.03.020 · Cited by 24
Self-citationKhosravani, V., Mohammadzadeh, A., & Oskouyi, L. S. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.10.011 · Cited by 26
Moore, M. M., Chan, R. C. K., Huang, J., & Martin, E. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22796 · Cited by 22
Social and general anhedonia in adolescents: Stability and associations with other symptoms
Yang, X., Guo, Y., Harrison, P., & Liu, X. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12029 · Cited by 23
Gooding, D. C., Padrutt, E. R., & Pflum, M. J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00147 · Cited by 23
“…Gooding and Tallent, 2003; Horan et al., 2007; Gooding and Pflum, 2011; Pflum et al., 2013) and community-drawn socially anhedonic individuals (Blanchard et al., 2011) display significantly elevated trait negative affect and decreased positive affect (Gooding et al., 2002; Gooding and…”
BackgroundYan, C., Liu, W. H., Cao, Y., & Chan, R. C. K. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 23
Schizotypal, schizoid and paranoid characteristics in the biological parents of social anhedonics
Cohen, A. S., Emmerson, L. C., Mann, M. C., Forbes, C. B., & Blanchard, J. J. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.07.018 · Cited by 23
Self-citationZhang, Y.-J., Pu, C., Wang, Y.-M., Zhang, R., Cai, X., Zhou, S., Ma, Y., Wang, Y., Cheung, E. F. C., Lui, S. S. Y., et al. (2021) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2021.05.016 · Cited by 22
Shovestul, B. J., Saxena, A., Reda, S., Dudek, E. M., Wu, C., Lamberti, J. S., & Dodell‐Feder, D. (2022) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-022-00310-3 · Cited by 27
Automatic processing of emotional facial expressions as a function of social anhedonia
Günther, V., Zimmer, J., Kersting, A., Hoffmann, K., Lobsien, D., & Suslow, T. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.10.002 · Cited by 23
Jahn, D. R., Bennett, M. E., Park, S. G., Gur, R. E., Horan, W. P., Kring, A. M., & Blanchard, J. J. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.12.011 · Cited by 24
“Social anhedonia is a core negative symptom of schizophrenia (Blanchard et al., 2011; Horan et al., 2006) that it is consistently elevated in clinical samples (Blanchard et al.”
Self-citationGuo, Y.-R., Ji, Y.-F., Huang, Y., Jin, M., Lin, Y.-P., Chen, Y.-L., Zhang, L., Zhu, C.-Y., Yu, F.-Q., & Wang, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727088 · Cited by 18
“…a relationship with their peers (Berry et al., 2007; Brown et al., 2007). fMRI studies also verified that, at an anatomical level, individuals with less meaningful friendships had low levels of activation in reward-related regions such as the striatum (Braams et al., 2014; Powers et al., 2018).”
BackgroundAnhedonia Across and Beyond the Schizophrenia Spectrum
Chan, R. C. K., Wang, L., Huang, J., Wang, Y., & Lui, S. S. Y. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae165 · Cited by 20
“19,20 Moreover, clinical studies showed that elevation of anhedonia in the ultra-high risk (UHR) population 21 and unaffected relatives of SCZ patients 22 may indicate onset of SCZ.”
Schofield, K. L., & Möhr, C. (2013) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2013.789883 · Cited by 18
Yin, H., Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00469 · Cited by 19
Cohen, A. S., Mitchell, K. R., Beck, M. R., & Hicks, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.056316 · Cited by 17
“Similar to patients with schizophrenia, individuals with psychometric schizotypy show high levels of trait anhedonia on subjective measures and are rated as being anhedonic by trained interviewers (Blanchard, Collins, Aghevli, Leung, & Cohen, 2011; Horan, Blanchard, Clark, & Green, 2008).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationHu, H.-X., Chu, M.-Y., Yang, Y., Wang, L.-L., Zhang, R.-T., Lui, S., Cheung, E. F. C., & Chan, R. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.070 · Cited by 17
Ritsner, M. S. (2013) · Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses · doi:10.3371/csrp.ri.031513 · Cited by 15
Cihan, B., Saka, M. C., Gönüllü, İ., Ozel-Kizil, E. T., Başkak, B., & Atbasoglu, E. C. (2015) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2015.7473 · Cited by 15
Gupta, T., Eckstrand, K., Lenniger, C. J., Haas, G. L., Silk, J. S., Ryan, N. D., Phillips, M. L., Flores, L. E., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Forbes, E. E. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.11.062 · Cited by 16
Chaix, J., Golay, P., Fankhauser, C., Nguyen, A., Gooding, D. C., & Favrod, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01296 · Cited by 15
“Although treatments often focused more on positive symptoms than negative Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 1 July 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 1296 ones, anhedonia has been shown to have a great impact on social functioning (Buchanan, 2007; Blanchard et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAttentional control mediates the relationship between social anhedonia and social impairment
Tully, L. M., Lincoln, S. H., & Hooker, C. I. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01384 · Cited by 15
“…a strong theoretical foundation based on prior research demonstrating that SA predicts social impairment (Katsanis et al., 1992; Cohen et al., 2006; Blanchard et al., 2011) and that SA can be partially characterized by attentional control deficits (Giraldez et al., 2000; Barrantes-Vidal et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialKrohne, L. G., Wang, Y., Hinrich, J. L., Mørup, M., Chan, R. C. K., & Madsen, K. H. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24751 · Cited by 13
“Furthermore, longitudinal studies have shown that subjects with a high level of social anhedonia (reduced pleasure experience in social contexts) are more likely to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders later on, compared to control groups or high scorers on positive schizotypy (measured by perceptual aberration sc…”
BackgroundIkhtabi, S., Pitman, A., Maconick, L. C., Pearce, E., Dale, O., Rowe, S. L., & Johnson, S. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05471-8 · Cited by 17
“…evaluation list (ISEL) and the social support questionnaire was found to be negatively correlated with ‘schizoid/schizotypal’ and ‘paranoid personality disorder’, with correlation coefficients rang - ing from -.37 to -.50 ( p .005), in one study [84], and –.18 to -.29, in another study [85].”
BackgroundResultFan, J., Liu, W., Xia, J., Gao, F., Meng, C., Han, Y., Zhou, H., Yi, J., Tan, C., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-022-00666-1 · Cited by 13
“, 2001) and it predicts later onset of these disorders (Atherton et al. 2015; Blanchard et al., 2011).”
BackgroundSeeman, M. V. (2016) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2016.1264992 · Cited by 15
Measuring Anhedonia in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders: A Selective Update
Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Gooding, D. C., Paíno, M., Giráldez, S. L., & Muñiz, J. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8610-2_2 · Cited by 15
Blanchard, J. J., Aghevli, M., Wilson, A. L., & Sargeant, M. N. (2009) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.10.028 · Cited by 13
Self-citationAssociation of Multidimensional Schizotypy with PID-5 Domains and Facets
Kemp, K. C., Kaczorowski, J. A., Burgin, C. J., Raulin, M. L., Lynam, D. R., Sleep, C. E., Miller, J. D., Barrantes‐Vidal, N., & Kwapil, T. R. (2022) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2022.36.6.680 · Cited by 12
Bolinskey, P. K., James, A. V., Cooper-Bolinskey, D., Novi, J. H., Hunter, H. K., Hudak, D. V., Schuder, K. M., Myers, K. R., Iati, C. A., & Lenzenweger, M. F. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.015 · Cited by 12
“Schizotypy can be identi fi ed clinically, which entails the assessment of psychiatric schizotypic psychopathology (Gooding et al., 2005; Lenzenweger, 2006).”
InfluentialHumour processing deficits in individuals with social anhedonia
Liu, B.-H., Huang, J., Shan, H., Liu, Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Cheung, E. F. C., Yue, X., & Chan, R. C. K. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.04.005 · Cited by 12
Goldstein, B. L., Mumper, E. E., Behari, K., Gooding, D. C., & Klein, D. N. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431620968888 · Cited by 12
“In addition, based on the large literature demonstrating a relationship between social anhedonia and psychosis/schizotypal traits (e.g., J. J. Blanchard et al., 2009; J. L. Blanchard et al., 2001), we might have expected that social anhedonia would also have a unique association with CBCL thought…”
BackgroundRios, S., & Perlman, C. M. (2017) · The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research · doi:10.1007/s11414-017-9554-y · Cited by 12
Depression and leisure-based meaning-making: anhedonia as a mediating factor
Nagata, S., & Kono, S. (2021) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2021.1971285 · Cited by 13
“However, anhedonia has also been identified as a predictor of social functioning (Blanchard et al., 2011; Tan et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Blanchard, J. J., Collins, L. M., Aghevli, M., Leung, W. W., & Cohen, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Baltimore VA Medical Center (US)
- Louisiana State University (US)
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-10-22
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 587-602
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC3080671
- OpenAlex
- W2104111165
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 4.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051240, K02MH079231, R01MH51240)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychopathy, Forensic Psychiatry, Sexual Offending
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- social anhedonia, schizotypy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Affect, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Maryland, Psychometrics, Risk Factors, Sampling Studies, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Social Perception, Social Support, Case-Control Studies, Mood Disorders, Family Conflict
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