Cited by 153Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology ResearchPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Trauma-Focused Treatment in PTSD Patients With Psychosis: Symptom Exacerbation, Adverse Events, and Revictimization

Open access

van den Berg, David P. G., de Bont, Paul A. J. M., van der Vleugel, Berber M., de Roos, Carlijn, de Jongh, Ad, van Minnen, Agnes, van der Gaag, Mark·2016·Schizophrenia Bulletin

DOI 10.1093/schbul/sbv172PMC PMC4838096

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Most clinicians refrain from trauma treatment for patients with psychosis because they fear symptom exacerbation and relapse. This study examined the negative side effects of trauma-focused (TF) treatment in patients with psychosis and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Analyses were conducted on data from a single-blind randomized controlled trial comparing TF treatment (N = 108; 8 sessions prolonged exposure or eye movement desensitization) and waiting list (WL; N = 47) among patients with a lifetime psychotic disorder and current chronic PTSD. Symptom exacerbation, adverse events, and revictimization were assessed posttreatment and at 6-month follow-up. Also investigated were symptom exacerbation after initiation of TF treatment and the relationship between symptom exacerbation and dropout. RESULTS: Any symptom exacerbation (PTSD, paranoia, or depression) tended to occur more frequently in the WL condition. After the first TF treatment session, PTSD symptom exacerbation was uncommon. There was no increase of hallucinations, dissociation, or suicidality during the first 2 sessions. Paranoia decreased significantly during this period. Dropout was not associated with symptom exacerbation. Compared with the WL condition, fewer persons in the TF treatment condition reported an adverse event (OR = 0.48, P = .032). Surprisingly, participants receiving TF treatment were significantly less likely to be revictimized (OR = 0.40, P = .035). CONCLUSIONS: In these participants, TF treatment did not result in symptom exacerbation or adverse events. Moreover, TF treatment was associated with significantly less exacerbation, less adverse events, and reduced revictimization compared with the WL condition. This suggests that conventional TF treatment protocols can be safely used in patients with psychosis without negative side effects.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/schbul/sbv172

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Clinical significance: A statistical approach to defining meaningful change in psychotherapy research.
Jacobson, N. S., & Truax, P. (1991) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.59.1.12 · Cited by 7,770
Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories -IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13 · Cited by 5,965
The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale
Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T. M. (1995) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490080106 · Cited by 5,024
The validation of a self-report measure of posttraumatic stress disorder: The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale
Foa, E. B., Cashman, L., Jaycox, L., & Perry, K. (1997) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.9.4.445 · Cited by 2,709
Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B. O. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060405 · Cited by 2,537
The validity of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability
Sheehan, D., Lecrubier, Y., Harnett Sheehan, K., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., Schinka, J., Knapp, E., Sheehan, M., & Dunbar, G. (1997) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(97)83297-x · Cited by 2,149
Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research
Weathers, F. W., Keane, T. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2001) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.1029 · Cited by 1,903
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: Basic Principles, Protocols, and Procedures
Shapiro, F. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,529
Scales to measure dimensions of hallucinations and delusions: The psychotic symptom rating scales (PSYRATS).
HADDOCK, G., McCARRON, J., TARRIER, N., & FARAGHER, E. B. (1999) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291799008661 · Cited by 1,461

Show all 47 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

10.1176/appi.ps.57.7.1027 · DOI
10.1007/BF02105408 · DOI · Paper page
10.1037//1040-3590.9.4.445 · DOI · Paper page

Sorted by citations

Items 101–153 of 153

Outcomes of an adapted prolonged exposure psychotherapy for people with early phase psychosis, substance misuse, and a history of adversity: the PE + trial
Patterson, V. C., Tibbo, P. G., Stewart, S. H., Town, J., Crocker, C. E., Ursuliak, Z., Lee, S., Morrison, J., Abidi, S., Dempster, K., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06050-1 · Cited by 1
“Preliminary evidence suggests that PE treatment reduces symptoms of psychosis and PTSD, and does not lead to symptom exacerbation [15, 20].”
Background
Behandlung der PTBS bei Erwachsenen
Augsburger, M., Bering, R., Böttche, M., Ehring, T. W., Frommberger, U., Gast, U., Hecker, T., Hoffmann, A., Kleim, B., Knaevelsrud, C., et al. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59783-5_2 · Cited by 1
Schizophrenia
Rakitzi, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27837-2_19 · Cited by 1
Vers une psychologie janétienne des psychoses ?
Baudin, G., & Réveillère, C. (2019) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.12.003 · Cited by 2
A multiple baseline trial of adapted prolonged exposure psychotherapy for individuals with early phase psychosis, comorbid substance misuse, and a history of adversity: A study protocol
Patterson, V. C., Tibbo, P. G., Stewart, S. H., Town, J. M., Crocker, C. E., Ursuliak, Z., Lee, S., Morrison, J., Abidi, S., Dempster, K., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1012776 · Cited by 1
Post-traumatic stress disorder in psychosis
Tomalski, R., & Pietkiewicz, I. J. (2025) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2024.0032 · Cited by 1
Final Session
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0007 · Cited by 1
Traumabehandlung bei Psychose
van der Gaag, M., & van den Berg, D. P. G. (2017) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-11-3-216
Onderzoek met de therapeutische relatie als uitkomstmaat
Bruins, J., van der Velde, J., Tolsma, M., Delespaul, P., & Castelein, S. (2018) · GZ - Psychologie · doi:10.1007/s41480-018-0038-3
Tailoring Treatment to the Individual
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0008
Assessing Trauma Survivors and Implementing PE in Practice
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0002
Intermediate Sessions
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0006
Domestic violence and abuse and mental health
Howard, L. M., & MacManus, D. (2020) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198713005.003.0143
Complex trauma histories
Galovski, T. E., Nixon, R. D. V., & Kaysen, D. L. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816715-1.00008-x
New-Onset Psychosis following Initiation of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy
White, M., & Doty, M. (2020) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012372003200210
EMDR
Augeraud, E. (2019) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.tarqu.2019.01.0045
De impact van traumatisering in de kindertijd en PTSS bij mensen met psychotische en andere ernstige psychiatrische aandoeningen
van der Gaag, M. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2586-3_16
Traumatisierung und schizophrene Störungen – eine mehrdimensionale Betrachtung
Juckel, G., & Mavrogiorgou, P. (2021) · Fortschritte der Neurologie · Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/a-1535-1655
Diagnostiek van ernstige psychiatrische aandoeningen aan de hand van symptoomdomeinen
Knegtering, H., Gardien, J., Paalman, M. H., & Spoelstra, S. (2021) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2586-3_5
Angststörungen
Margraf, J., & Pittig, A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21352-6.00012-2
EMDR
Rydberg, J. A., & Moskowitz, A. K. (2019) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.tarqu.2019.01.0349
Session 3
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0005
Session 2
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0004
Session 1
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.003.0003
Diagnostiek
la Rie, D., & Wageningen, S.-V. (2022) · Bohn Stafleu van Loghum eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-90-368-2711-9_4
Trauma-focused Therapies for Posttraumatic Stress in Psychosis: study protocol for the RE.PROCESS randomized controlled trialPreprint
Burger, S. R., van der Linden, T., Hardy, A., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., Staring, A. B. P., de Roos, C., van Zelst, C., Gottlieb, J. D., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1953070/v1
Addressing victimization to enable societal participation in flexible assertive community treatment: A process evaluation of the implementation of a new intervention
Albers, W. M. M., Nijssen, Y. A. M., Roeg, D. P. K., van Weeghel, J., & Bongers, I. M. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.956133
Gender-Based Violence, Mental Disorders, and Psychosocial Therapy
Семенова, Н. Д. (2022) · Психиатрия психотерапия и клиническая психология · doi:10.34883/pi.2022.13.3.009
Research Process on Post-Traumatic Growth in Patients with Mental Disorders
孟, 翠. (2023) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2023.1381793
Case report: Schema therapy for a case of treatment resistant schizotypal and paranoid personality disorder with a trauma history
Møeller, S. B., Arendt, I. T. P., Meline, J. S. J., & Øibakken, R. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100414
Literaturverzeichnis zu Voderholzer (Hrsg.): Therapie psychischer Erkrankungen, 20. Auflage
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21224-6.00055-4
Psychose et EMDR: Un cas de réduction de symptômes psychotiques par EMDR protocole EMDR de stabilisation sur deux axes, hypothèses psychopathologiques et perspectives
Timsit, M. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100530
Delivering CPT in the Context of Serious Mental Illness
Sacks, S. A. (2025) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87356-0_4
About ✓ Treatments That Work
(2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.002.0007
In Vivo Exposure Hierarchy
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.005.0002
Trauma Interview
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.005.0001
Therapist Imaginal Exposure Recording Form
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.005.0003
Copyright Page
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.002.0004
About the Authors
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.002.0010
Dedication
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.002.0005
Prolonged Exposure Treatment Session Checklists
Foa, E. B., Hembree, E. A., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Rauch, S. A. M. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med-psych/9780190926939.005.0004
Subject: “Ultra-resistant schizophrenia and early trauma: Toward an integrative paradigm beyond pharmacological limits”
Benhaddouch, Y., & Ammouri, A. E. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.08.010
Psychiatric Illness
Roe, D., Hasson‐Ohayon, I., & Mueser, K. T. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197525456.013.0053
Additional file 1 of Trauma-focused therapies for post-traumatic stress in psychosis: study protocol for the RE.PROCESS randomized controlled trial
Burger, S., van der Linden, T., Hardy, A., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B., Staring, A. B. P., de Roos, C., van Zelst, C., Gottlieb, J. D., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21285562
Self-citation
Additional file 1 of Multisite randomised controlled trial of trauma-focused cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis to reduce post-traumatic stress symptoms in people with co-morbid post-traumatic stress disorder and psychosis, compared to treatment as usual: study protocol for the STAR (Study of Trauma And Recovery) trial
Peters, E., Hardy, A., Dudley, R. E. J., Varese, F., Greenwood, K., Steel, C., Emsley, R., Keen, N., Bowe, S. E., Swan, S., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19862441
Additional file 2 of Trauma-focused therapies for post-traumatic stress in psychosis: study protocol for the RE.PROCESS randomized controlled trial
Burger, S., van der Linden, T., Hardy, A., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B., Staring, A. B. P., de Roos, C., van Zelst, C., Gottlieb, J. D., Mueser, K. T., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21285565
Self-citation
Associations between PTSD and psychotic symptoms: A network analysis of patients with psychotic disorders in Uganda
Cho, H., Lee, W., Park, H., Stevenson, A., Bustamante, D., Stroud, R. E., Jha, S. C., Kyebuzibwa, J., Kalungi, A., Arinda, A., et al. (2026) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100620
The effectiveness and tolerability of trauma-focused interventions for trauma symptoms in individuals who have psychosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Mason, A., Logeswaran, Y., Opper, F., Khan, H., & Johns, L. (2026) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2026.06.008
Exploring Psychological and Biological Mediators between Childhood Adversity and Psychosis: An updated Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Kumar, G., Lepreux, I., Bici, L., Mustafa, F., Abella, M., Trotta, G., Aas, M., Sideli, L., MacCabe, J. H., Twumasi, R., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.07.19.26358426
Reality stabilization: a unified framework for psychosis and post-psychotic depression
Panov, G., & Panova, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1805102
Empowering the silenced: the STAR (Study of Trauma and Recovery) therapy guide for delivering integrated Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for psychosis (TF-CBTp)
Keen, N., Hardy, A., Bowe, S. E., PETERS, E. R., Dudley, R. E. J., Grey, N., Varese, F., Longden, E., Steel, C., Morrison, A. P., et al. (2026) · Psychosis · doi:10.1080/17522439.2026.2719534
Addressing heterogeneity in trauma responses in research and clinical practice: reflections and recommendations from early career researchers
Dasen, L., Büeler, L. A., Kemmere, B., Belt, L., Hofmann, V. X. C., Karaban, I., Nava, F., Piwanski, G., Stein, A. R., Rochon, E. A., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2026.2739016
Behandlung der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung bei komorbiden psychischen Störungen
Schäfer, I., Büttner, M., Chuey-Ferrer, L., Köllner, V., Lotzin, A., Reddemann, O., & Schalinski, I. (2026) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-20-4-312

Authors: van den Berg, D. P. G., de Bont, P. A. J. M., van der Vleugel, B. M., de Roos, C., de Jongh, A., van Minnen, A., & van der Gaag, M.
Venue: Schizophrenia Bulletin
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2015-11-24
Volume: 42
Issue: 3
Pages: 693-702
ISSN: 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
1745-1701
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv172
PMC: PMC4838096
OpenAlex: W2179855908
Cited by: 153
References: 47
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 13.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: trauma-focused psychotherapy, post-traumatic stress disorder
MeSH terms: Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Male, Middle Aged, Psychotic Disorders, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Comorbidity, Single-Blind Method, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Trauma-Focused Treatment in PTSD Patients With Psychosis: Symptom Exacerbation, Adverse Events, and Revictimization

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks