The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 2 of the 158 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Ample evidence supports a neurodevelopmental origin in some cases of schizophrenia (SZ). More inconsistent information is available for bipolar disorder (BD). We herein review studies with a focus on premorbid (adjustment and functionality) and early developmental milestones that include both SZ and BD patients. A search was performed in the PubMed electronic database, retrieving 619 abstracts; 30 were ultimately included in this systematic review. Eight prospective cohorts, 15 retrospective studies, and 7 studies based on national registries. Psychomotor developmental deviations and general adjustment problems characterize the childhood of subjects later diagnosed with SZ or BD; they are more marked in those later diagnosed with SZ vs BD, earlier onset vs later onset, and psychotic vs nonpsychotic disorders. Cognitive impairment follows a linear risk trend for SZ and a U-shaped trend for BD. Social isolation and visuoperceptual/reading anomalies more frequently antecede SZ. Pervasive developmental disorders increase the risk for both SZ and BD, more so in cases with normal intelligence. The predictive risk of each isolated developmental marker is low, but a significant percentage of subjects with SZ and a minority of adults with BD showed signs of premorbid abnormalities in childhood. The great limitation is still the lack of studies comparing SZ and BD that include psychotic and nonpsychotic bipolar cases separately. There are many cases, even in childhood/adolescent SZ, where no premorbid anomalies are found, and immunological disorders or other etiologies should be searched for. At least in cases with clear neurodevelopmental markers, rare genetic variants should be investigated.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This systematic review compares premorbid developmental and adjustment markers in schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), finding that childhood psychomotor deviations and adjustment problems occur in both but are generally more prominent in SZ. Cognitive risk patterns differ, with a linear trend for SZ and a U-shaped relationship for BD.
Key findings
- Across 30 included studies (8 prospective cohorts, 15 retrospective studies, 7 national-registry studies), premorbid psychomotor deviations and general adjustment difficulties were more marked in later SZ than later BD, in earlier-onset than later-onset cases, and in psychotic than nonpsychotic disorders.
- Cognitive findings diverged: lower childhood IQ predicted SZ-spectrum risk (each 1-SD increase in childhood IQ was linked to a 42% lower odds of lifetime SZ-spectrum diagnosis), while BD showed a U-shaped school-performance pattern (low grades about 2-fold risk; very high grades about 4-fold risk). In one cohort, below-average IQ at age 18 conferred a 3% risk of SZ, and among children not speaking words at age 1, only 0.88% later developed SZ.
- Social isolation and visuoperceptual/reading anomalies more often preceded SZ. Autism spectrum disorder increased risk for both nonaffective psychosis and BD (5.6 and 5.8 times higher than controls, respectively), with stronger risk in ASD without intellectual disability.
- Individual developmental markers had low predictive value. Even in early-onset SZ, fewer than half showed premorbid abnormalities; one sample reported broadly impaired social development in 34%, and another reported any delayed milestone in 27% of severely ill hospitalized adolescents with SZ.
Methods
- Systematic review using a PubMed search on June 17, 2017, retrieving 619 abstracts; 41 were selected for full review, 23 more came from reference lists, 64 were fully reviewed, and 30 were included.
- Inclusion required studies with both SZ and BD in the population and structured or semistructured assessment of psychomotor milestones, premorbid general/social adjustment, educational attainment, premorbid cognition, or learning difficulties. No publication-year limit was set; English, German, French, and Spanish articles were eligible.
- Data extraction covered study design, sample characteristics, premorbid assessment, outcome measures, and main findings; two authors reviewed abstracts and two independently reviewed full texts.
Limitations
- The authors state that the main limitation is the scarcity of studies directly comparing SZ and BD while separating psychotic from nonpsychotic bipolar cases. They also note that ideal prospective unselected cohorts are constrained by low psychosis prevalence, changing nosology, assessment-instrument availability, limited follow-up duration, and attrition that is not independent of diagnosis.
- Stated retrospective-study limitations include recall bias, selection bias toward hospitalized and more severe patients, and the fact that most included bipolar patients had psychotic BD. Assessment limitations include variability in premorbid adjustment and cognition measures, use of the PAS (designed for SZ) in BD, self-report PAS during acute decompensation, school grades as an imperfect proxy for cognition, and cognitive testing too close to illness onset in some studies.
- The text also makes evident additional concerns: several included samples had very small BD or mania subgroups, diagnostic systems and instruments varied across studies, and the authors explicitly raise possible information bias or a Pygmalion effect in which current diagnosis may influence retrospective assessment of premorbid problems.
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Claims the paper makes
111 Not checked yet · 19 Own interpretation · 14 No basis given · 10 Own method · 7 Own result · 1 Supported · 1 Not supported · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“There was a birth cohort effect, and patients born after 1980 were more likely to have any psychiatric diagnosis.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [27] 2013, Preceding diagnoses to young adult bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a nationwide study, BMC Psychiatry source
The Results state that, among patients with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia, those born after 1980 had an elevated risk of being diagnosed with all the preceding psychiatric disorders examined. Table 3 reports elevated birth-cohort hazard ratios for each disorder, using people born before 1980 as the reference group. The finding concerns preceding diagnoses in this patient population, not psychiatric diagnoses in the general population. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychomotor developmental deviations and general adjustment problems characterize the childhood of subjects later diagnosed with SZ or BD; they are more marked in those later diagnosed with SZ vs BD, earlier onset vs later onset, and psychotic vs nonpsychotic disorders.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychomotor developmental deviations and general adjustment problems characterize the childhood of subjects later diagnosed with SZ or BD; they are more marked in those later diagnosed with SZ vs BD, earlier onset vs later onset, and psychotic vs nonpsychotic disorders.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The predictive risk of each isolated developmental marker is low, but a significant percentage of subjects with SZ and a minority of adults with BD showed signs of premorbid abnormalities in childhood.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are many cases, even in childhood/ adolescent SZ, where no premorbid anomalies are found, and immunological disorders or other etiologies should be searched for.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pervasive developmental disorders increase the risk for both SZ and BD, more so in cases with normal intelligence.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The predictive risk of each isolated developmental marker is low, but a significant percentage of subjects with SZ and a minority of adults with BD showed signs of premorbid abnormalities in childhood.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychomotor developmental deviations and general adjustment problems characterize the childhood of subjects later diagnosed with SZ or BD; they are more marked in those later diagnosed with SZ vs BD, earlier onset vs later onset, and psychotic vs nonpsychotic disorders.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive impairment follows a linear risk trend for SZ and a U-shaped trend for BD.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Psychomotor developmental deviations and general adjustment problems characterize the childhood of subjects later diagnosed with SZ or BD; they are more marked in those later diagnosed with SZ vs BD, earlier onset vs later onset, and psychotic vs nonpsychotic disorders.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 56
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
At least one cited source doesn’t support this claim or points to a different paper, and none confirmed it — see the verdicts below.
In the paper
“Only 1.1% and 0.7% of patients with SZ and BD, respectively, had a diagnosis of ADHD before age 18, and only 1.1% and 2% had a diagnosis of conduct disorder before age 18.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Disputedcites [27] 2013, Preceding diagnoses to young adult bipolar disorder and schizophrenia in a nationwide study, BMC Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Table 1 in the Results reports the before-age-18 percentages with BD columns before SZ columns. The citing sentence reverses them: ADHD was 1.1% in BD and 0.7% in SZ; conduct disorder was 1.1% in BD and 2.0% in SZ. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Disputed
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social isolation and visuoperceptual/reading anomalies more frequently antecede SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cognitive and (adjustment to the environment) impairments in SZ are present in coincidence with the first time psychotic symptoms appear, but also in high-risk subjects and even in early infancy, before the clinical high-risk state is apparent.[9][10][11]”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] 1998, Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence, Neuropsychology source
- Not checked yetcites [10] 2015, Cognition in at-risk mental states for psychosis, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [11] 2004, A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subsequent studies with a wide range of sample sizes (73-266) have shown quite consistently that, in hospitalized patients, premorbid abnormalities (most frequently assessed with the Cannon-Spoor Premorbid Adjustment Scale, PAS 33 ) or cognitive performance are more marked in SZ than in affective psychosis.17,[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44]”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [34] 2002, The relationship between predisposing factors, premorbid function and symptom dimensions in psychosis: an integrated approach, Eur Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [35] 1991, Low birth weight and a family history of schizophrenia predict poor premorbid functioning in psychosis, Schizophr Res source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developmental pathology in bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with early onset and is generally milder than observed in SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Again, lower childhood IQ predicted more risk of a SZ spectrum disorder (as well as other disorders); for each standard deviation increase in childhood IQ, the participants had a 42% reduction in the odds of a lifetime SZ spectrum diagnosis; higher IQ was associated with risk for mania (albeit very small sample).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [21] 2009, Childhood IQ and adult mental disorders: a test of the cognitive reserve hypothesis, Am J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our PubMed review retrieved 619 articles.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A quadratic relationship was observed for BD, with Development in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder pupils at the higher end of performance (over 2 SD of the mean) having a 4-fold increased risk.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [18] 2008, Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study, Psychol Med source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No finding was specific to SZ compared with other psychoses, and in fact, speech delay only appeared when SZ and other psychosis groups were combined.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] 2001, Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, Schizophr Res source
plainn = 81- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early problems in interpersonal relationships were strongly associated with later SZ and, to a lesser extent, with non-SZ psychosis.28”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] 1998, Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry source
boostedcorrelationaln = 195- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive function at ages 12 and 18 was inversely associated with SZ (stronger for the 18-year assessment) and BD.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2007, Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and hospital admission for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in Danish men born in 1953, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Receptive language and cognitive impairments throughout infancy also predicted schizophreniform disorders, but not mania (as compared with the control outcome group).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Swedish Conscript Study, with a larger sample of 195 subjects with SZ and 193 with other psychosis, reported below average IQ in adolescents in both groups of patients, more marked again in SZ. 28”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] 1998, Premorbid adjustment and personality in people with schizophrenia, Br J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelationaln = 195- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“No distinction was made in the outcomes for psychotic (9.8% of the BD sample) and nonpsychotic BD or for SZ or unspecified nonaffective psychosis (45.6% of the NAP sample).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] 2015, Risks for nonaffective psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder in young people with autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study, JAMA Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Not walking and/or not speaking at year 1 in males and not being potty trained at that same age in females was associated with a psychotic outcome in the sample of 81 patients with both assessments.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] 2001, Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelationaln = 81- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Subjects later diagnosed with SZ differed from healthy control subjects and from nonpsychotic bipolar subjects in having worse premorbid intellectual abilities and reading difficulties and more behavioral disturbances.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] 2002, A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelationaln = 536- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Developmental precursors of SZ included childhood delayed motor and language milestones, schizoid social functioning, and poor educational achievement; different patterns of maladjustment were present in boys and girls at the 7 and 11 year evaluations, with an un-reactive and an over-reactive type, respectively.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both patient groups showed a deteriorating course in adolescence, greater in SZ patients.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] 1997, Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences, Am J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelationaln = 28- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 64 finally fully reviewed studies, 30 studies were finally selected for inclusion in this study.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The risk of a diagnosis of nonaffective psychosis (NAP) or BD in the ASD group was, respectively, 5.6 and 5.8 times greater than in healthy controls, with an even greater risk for those diagnosed with ASD without intellectual disability (ID).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] 2015, Risks for nonaffective psychotic disorder and bipolar disorder in young people with autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study, JAMA Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Subjects with a lower level of performance had increased risk for SZ (2-to 4-fold) and a moderately increased risk (2-fold) for BD.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [18] 2008, Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study, Psychol Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cannon et al 37 reported that SZ patients scored significantly worse than normal controls and psychotic bipolar patients, and the latter scored worse than controls.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] 1997, Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences, Am J Psychiatry source
plainn = 70- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a later analysis of this same register, now with n = 50 053, including 362 who had developed SZ and 108 BD, IQ seemed to have a linear relationship with risk of SZ. 29 No association was found with BD.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] 2004, A longitudinal study of premorbid IQ Score and risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and other nonaffective psychoses, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelationaln = 50- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Premorbid social adjustment (for the most part impaired social functioning was already present in childhood) was a strong predictor of social functioning in both SZ and BD and was a good (but not exclusive) predictor of a SZ diagnosis.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Premorbid to Postonset Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] 2016, The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders, Am J Psychiatry
boostedcorrelationaln = 262- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“SZ patients more frequently had delayed urinary competence and had more impairment in premorbid social functioning than other psychosis patients; no difference was found between SZ patients and other-psychosis patients in any motor, language, or reading indicators (although there was not a separate analysis for affective psychosis within the other-psychosis group).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] 2003, Developmental precursors of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychoses: diagnostic specificity and continuity with symptom dimensions, Br J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelationaln = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the latter two studies, there was low average premorbid functioning that remained stable in a significant number of patients across diagnoses; more patients with SZ disorders had impaired trajectories and more with mood disorders had better functioning trajectories.45,46”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Premorbid to Postonset Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] 2016, The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders, Am J Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [46] 2015, Functional deterioration from the premorbid period to 2 years after the first episode of psychosis in early-onset psychosis, Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, there were worse social outcomes in SZ spectrum disorders and remarkably stable longterm impairments in social functioning after illness onset across all diagnoses.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Premorbid to Postonset Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] 2016, The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders, Am J Psychiatry
plaincorrelationaln = 262- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“With regard to early adolescent adjustment (up to 15 years of age), both groups performed worse than controls in all areas and both showed a decline from childhood.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 2013, Premorbid impairments in early-onset psychosis: differences between patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Continuity was found between urinary incompetence, poor premorbid functioning, and a negative dimension.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [40] 2003, Developmental precursors of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychoses: diagnostic specificity and continuity with symptom dimensions, Br J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelationaln = 110- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The 2 disorders may share some risk factors while others may lead to the greater severity in SZ. 1,11”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] 2014, Differential neurodevelopmental trajectories in patients with early-onset bipolar and schizophrenia disorders, Schizophr Bull source
- Not checked yetcites [11] 2004, A developmental model for similarities and dissimilarities between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Schizophr Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, the literature does not make it clear enough whether a larger Development in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder proportion of SZ patients than bipolar patients do have premorbid abnormalities or if premorbid abnormalities are more severe in SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“When directly compared, neurodevelopmental deviations (including neuromotor and cognitive impairment) are shown in both SZ and BD, but more strongly and extensively in the former.17,18,20,22,25,28”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [18] 2008, Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study, Psychol Med source
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, because of the low prevalence of psychosis, the number of patients who end with a diagnosis of SZ or BD in the follow-up time of these cohorts is usually not large.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Reichenberg et al 30 included only nonpsychotic affective disorders in their comparison study with SZ and found that the latter performed worse in all cognitive measures and bipolar patients did not differ from control subjects.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] 2002, A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“but no direct comparison between patient groups was presented and the sample size of the mania group was quite limited (n = 20).20”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, it seems that patients with BDs may have childhood and adolescent maladjustment but not cognitive impairment or bad academic performance.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One of the cohorts with a more detailed developmental assessment over the course of infancy reported clear differences between patients later diagnosed with SZ compared with control subjects and no differences between the future bipolar group and controls”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
boostedn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Deterioration of visual information acquisition and processing has been postulated to contribute to higher-order cognitive dysfunctions and ultimately to SZ symptoms, 58 signaling another possible pathway to psychotic symptoms.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [58] 2013, “To see or not to see: that is the question.” The “Protection-Against-Schizophrenia” (PaSZ) model: evidence from congenital blindness and visuo-cognitive aberrations, Front Psychol
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These data highlight the idea that SZ and BD are better thought of as clinical syndromes rather than disorders.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“when patients are compared with control subjects, 41 SZ patients do show more social withdrawal than the former, and bipolar patients also show a trend for general social premorbid difficulties.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] 2013, Premorbid impairments in early-onset psychosis: differences between patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelationaln = 41- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most retrospective studies include hospitalized psychotic patients and generally show that patients with SZ have poor premorbid adjustment and that BDs have either no premorbid maladjustment or an adjustment that is intermediate between SZ and healthy controls.20,38,42,43”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [38] PEPs Group, 2015, Premorbid adjustment and clinical correlates of cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis. The PEPsCog Study, Schizophr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [42] 2006, Premorbid adjustment in bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia, J Nerv Ment Dis source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although similar to those of prospective studies, findings from retrospective studies tend to report a greater magnitude of the prevalence of premorbid abnormalities in SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In addition to general intellectual functioning difficulties, reading abilities seem to characterize the childhood of subjects who are later diagnosed with SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] 2002, A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [40] 2003, Developmental precursors of child- and adolescent-onset schizophrenia and affective psychoses: diagnostic specificity and continuity with symptom dimensions, Br J Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the North Finland Birth Cohort study 19 showed that, of all children not speaking words at 1 year of age, only 0.88% would develop SZ (a statistically significant difference, but a low risk)”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] 2001, Early developmental milestones in adult schizophrenia and other psychoses. A 31-year follow-up of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, Schizophr Res source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings with regard to nonpsychotic BD are more difficult to sum up as few studies separate those from other BDs.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The mechanisms underlying the relationship between premorbid impairments and SZ/BD are likely a mixture of the following: (1) common etiologies (genetic and/or environmental), (2) cognitive mechanisms whereby cognitive difficulties drive social difficulties in adjustment to the environment and reality testing 53”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] 2006, Cognitive reserve in neuropsychiatry, Psychol Med source
- Not checked yetcites [34] 2002, The relationship between predisposing factors, premorbid function and symptom dimensions in psychosis: an integrated approach, Eur Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2007, Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and hospital admission for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in Danish men born in 1953, Schizophr Res source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Two aspects have been more clearly associated with SZ, ie, social isolation (while other types of social maladjustment are also present in children diagnosed with psychotic BD later in life) and cognitive performance decline before illness onset.26,30,45”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] 2007, Cognitive function in childhood and early adulthood and hospital admission for schizophrenia and bipolar disorders in Danish men born in 1953, Schizophr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [30] 2002, A population-based cohort study of premorbid intellectual, language, and behavioral functioning in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and nonpsychotic bipolar disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [45] 2016, The 20-year longitudinal trajectories of social functioning in individuals with psychotic disorders, Am J Psychiatry
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Worse adjustment has been shown to be associated with cognition 38 after a first episode and also with deterioration 43 and with negative symptoms, 37 signaling a bad outcome subgroup of SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [38] PEPs Group, 2015, Premorbid adjustment and clinical correlates of cognitive impairment in first-episode psychosis. The PEPsCog Study, Schizophr Res source
- Not checked yetcites [43] 1996, Demographics, family history, premorbid functioning, developmental characteristics, and course of patients with deteriorated affective disorder, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [37] 1997, Premorbid social functioning in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: similarities and differences, Am J Psychiatry source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the last few decades, as authors started to identify neurodevelopmental problems in the infancies of patients with SZ and preeminent experts have considered this a neurodevelopmental disorder, at least in some cases, clinicians may be inclined toward a diagnosis of SZ in the presence of abnormal premorbid adjustment.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Once patients get older and need to operate in a more independent and therefore challenging type of life, separated from family protection, the gap with peer functioning may get larger, leading to the downward shift detected in many studies.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As most subjects with developmental anomalies will not end up having SZ”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“a U-shaped effect better explains the relationship between IQ and BDs; aboveaverage cognitive performance increases the risk even more than low IQ. 17”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“That some type of language disorder may be part of the same phenomenon that is later expressed in the form of reality distortion is a long-held idea.56,57”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This result contrasts with the well-documented fact that low intelligence is associated with increased risk of SZ and other psychoses.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A recent review and meta-analysis has reported a prevalence of 8% of anti-NMDA receptor antibody positive in patients with psychosis.52”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] 2013, Preventing a first episode of psychosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-ups, Schizophr Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In the same vein as single risk genes have pleiotropic effects leading to diverse outcomes and similar outcomes can be associated with different risk genes, individual developmental markers can have pluripotencial outcomes and same outcome can have different pathways that lead to it.62,63”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [62] 2015, The Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort: constructing a deep phenotyping collaborative, J Child Psychol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [63] 2006, Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings of these studies clearly support the absence of a categorically distinct diagnosis, but somehow the existence of different (developmental marker-symptomatic domain) dimensions.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With regard to cognitive performance, very few studies have used direct and contemporary assessments of cognitive functioning 17,18,20 ; many others have used scholastic attainment as a proxy of cognitive impairment”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] 2010, Excellent school performance at age 16 and risk of adult bipolar disorder: national cohort study, Br J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [18] 2008, Scholastic achievement at age 16 and risk of schizophrenia and other psychoses: a national cohort study, Psychol Med source
- Not checked yetcites [20] 2002, Evidence for early-childhood, pan-developmental impairment specific to schizophreniform disorder: results from a longitudinal birth cohort, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Occasionally, 42 self-report PAS has been used at the time of a psychotic decompensation.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [42] 2006, Premorbid adjustment in bipolar disorder: comparison with schizophrenia, J Nerv Ment Dis source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Great efforts are been made in some exceptional settings to identify and treat markers of deviant development or early symptoms with the hope that this will prevent major disorders to appear or reduce associated disability.63”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] 2006, Clinical staging of psychiatric disorders: a heuristic framework for choosing earlier, safer and more effective interventions, Aust N Z J Psychiatry source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The account of past adjustment can clearly be biased by present symptomatology.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These pathologies vary within SZ and BDs and tend to be more severe and/or common in SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Conclusions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“school grades may partially reflect political and social laws and practices in addition to pupils' abilities.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They provide a critical roadmap for the study of causal pathways and provide clinicians with important prognostic information.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Some data is being gathered with respect to treating high-risk prodromic states to prevent transition to psychosis 52 still with limited results.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] 2013, Preventing a first episode of psychosis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow-ups, Schizophr Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The developmental psychopathology perspective taken in the studies herein reviewed shows the changing picture of the clinical manifestations.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The duration of longitudinal studies, not long enough to include the whole age range for appearance of psychotic disorders and the attrition rate (which is not independent of diagnosis) are other limitations.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The most widely used instrument for premorbid adjustment, the PAS, was designed for SZ and may not capture different premorbid abnormalities present in BD.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“retrospective studies endorse important limitations such as recall bias (informants selectively report developmental difficulties in problem-subjects), selection bias (most patients included in these studies are hospitalized and therefore represent a more severe end of the spectrum), and the fact that most bipolar patients included have psychotic BDs.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Early intervention studies to treat social and behavioral symptoms have proven to change the symptomatic picture, but no study has yet been so big to prove that these interventions reduce the rate of SZ or BD.64”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] 2017, When the healthcare does not follow the evidence: The case of the lack of early intervention programs for psychosis in Spain, Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some studies have used cognitive measurements too close to the age of onset of psychotic disorders (the studies with conscripts) and a number of other studies have used premorbid intelligence at the time of recruitment (the latter were not included in this review).”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Information about neurodevelopmental origins in bipolar disorder is more inconsistent than for schizophrenia.
“More inconsistent information is available for bipolar disorder (BD).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few studies have examined premorbid abnormalities in both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder within the same study to assess specificity of developmental deviations.
“However, very few studies have looked at premorbid abnormalities in both disorders in the same study in order to assess the specificity of the predictive value of distinct developmental deviations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Few available studies have made premorbid adjustment or functioning their main objective.
“In addition, among the available studies, very few have made premorbid adjustment or functioning their main objective.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similar neurobiological models have been investigated for bipolar disorder 50,51 and depression 52 .”
From Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Premorbid to Postonset Studies
“Social functioning scores according to social trajectories yielded from latent class growth analysis showed 4 distinct trajectories: profoundly impaired (very few in the bipolar group and more than 20% of the SZ group), severely and persistent impaired (SZ 75%; BD 18%),”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Premorbid to Postonset Studies
“moderately impaired (40% in the bipolar group and just over 20% in the SZ group), and preserved (BD 42%, similar to controls and very few patients with SZ, only 1.5%).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
“no difference was found between SZ patients and other-psychosis patients in any motor, language, or reading indicators”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
“Hollis 39 R Maudsley Hospital in South London, UK 110 children and adolescents with psychosis GDS, CBS, PAS ICD-8 SZ: More childhood social impairments, language, reading delays and urinary incontinence.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Limitations
“very few studies have used direct and contemporary assessments of cognitive functioning 17,18,20 ; many others have used scholastic attainment as a proxy of cognitive impairment”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
“MacCabe 17 R NSR and SHDR, Sweden 715 401; BD:280 (linked to MacCabe 18 ) GPA BD, ICD-9, and ICD-10”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
“A self-administered PAS was also used in a study of 93 patients with either SZ (n = 54) or BD (n = 39) recruited after hospitalization.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
“Uzelac 37 R 2 convenience hospitalized patients studies SZ:53, BD:39 PAS DSM-IV after SCID”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Retrospective Studies
“In a sample of 70 patients with SZ and 28 patients with psychotic BD with a mean age around 23, recruited at the time of admission to hospitals in South London, Cannon et al 37 reported”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
“Cannon 36 R 3 hospitals in South London, UK SZ: 100, BD: 49, C: 100.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Continued
“The Swedish Conscript Study, with a larger sample of 195 subjects with SZ and 193 with other psychosis, reported below average IQ in adolescents in both groups of patients, more marked again in SZ.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Prospective Cohorts and National Registries
“Malmberg 28 P Swedish conscripts 50 024 (SZ:195; NSZP, including BD:195)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Methodology
“We set no limits with regard to year published, and articles written in English, German, French, or Spanish were included.”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Search Strategy
“The search was filtered for articles published since 1975.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > Discussion
“A recent review and meta-analysis has reported a prevalence of 8% of anti-NMDA receptor antibody positive in patients with psychosis.52”
§ Developmental Differences Between Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder > References
“52. van der Gaag M, Smit F, Bechdolf A, et al. Preventing a first episode of psychosis: meta-analysis of randomized con- trolled prevention trials of 12 month and longer-term follow- ups.”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Implications of Normal Brain Development for the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190080012 · Cited by 3,724
Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: A quantitative review of the evidence.
Heinrichs, R. W., & Zakzanis, K. K. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.12.3.426 · Cited by 2,798
Establishment of Diagnostic Validity in Psychiatric Illness: Its Application to Schizophrenia
ROBINS, E., & GUZE, S. B. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 · Cited by 2,243
McGuffin, P. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810320088015 · Cited by 1,483
Schizophrenia: Caused by a fault in programmed synaptic elimination during adolescence?
Feinberg, I. (1982) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(82)90038-3 · Cited by 1,395
Child developmental risk factors for adult schizophrenia in the British 1946 birth cohort
JONES, P. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90569-x · Cited by 1,353
Measurement of Premorbid Adjustment in Chronic Schizophrenia
Cannon-Spoor, H. E., Potkin, S. G., & Wyatt, R. J. (1982) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/8.3.470 · Cited by 1,220
The DSM-5: Classification and criteria changes
Regier, D. A., Kuhl, E. A., & Kupfer, D. J. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20050 · Cited by 1,138
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- 2013, Schizophrenia
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people
Fusar‐Poli, P., Correll, C. U., Arango, C., Berk, M., Patel, V., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2021) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20869 · Cited by 497
Self-citationCognitive Deficits in Psychotic Disorders: A Lifespan Perspective
Sheffield, J. M., Karcher, N. R., & Barch, D. M. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9388-2 · Cited by 466
Karcher, N. R., Barch, D. M., Avenevoli, S., Savill, M., Huber, R. S., Simon, T. J., Leckliter, I. N., Sher, K. J., & Loewy, R. L. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.1334 · Cited by 198
Rheenen, T. E. V., Lewandowski, K. E., Bauer, I. E., Kapczinski, F. P., Miskowiak, K. W., Burdick, K. E., & Balanzá‐Martínez, V. (2019) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12821 · Cited by 173
“Indeed, a recent review found that premorbid cognitive deficits were significantly more pronounced in patients with SZ than in patients with BD (16).”
BackgroundBora, E. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719001685 · Cited by 150
“Abnormalities in cognitive development which predates the onset of psychosis are major determinants of neuropsychological difficulties in schizophrenia (Weinberger, 1986; Bora, 2015; Parellada et al., 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Parellada, M., Gomez-Vallejo, S., Burdeus, M., & Arango, C.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Parellada, Mara
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Bulletin
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-10-14
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1176-1189
- ISSN
- 0586-7614 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-1701
- PMC
- PMC5737496
- OpenAlex
- W2763058017
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 9.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, bipolar disorder
- MeSH terms
- Bipolar Disorder, Humans, Human Development, Psychotic Disorders, Schizophrenia, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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