Cited by 424Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness ResearchMind wandering and attention

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Relations Between Performance and Subjective Ratings of Sleepiness During a Night Awake

Gillberg, Mats, Kecklund, Göran, Åkerstedt, Torbjörn·1994·Sleep

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Abstract

The present study validated the nine-point Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and the new Accumulated Time with Sleepiness (ATS) scale against performance of laboratory tasks. The ATS scale was designed as a method for integrating subjective sleepiness over longer time periods. The subjects were asked if certain symptoms of sleepiness had occurred and, if so, for how long. Six subjects participated twice. Each time they were kept awake during the night (except for a short nap occurring during one of the nights in a counterbalanced order) and were tested at 2200, 0200, 0400 and 0600 hours. The tests included a 10-minute rest period, a 28-minute visual vigilance task and an 11-minute single reaction time task. KSS and visual analogue scale (VAS) ratings were given before each test, and ATS ratings were given after. Performance deteriorated clearly, and all three rating scales reflected increased sleepiness with time of night. Scores on the KSS and VAS showed high correlations with performance tasks (mean intraindividual correlations were between 0.49 and 0.71). Performance correlated even higher with the ATS ratings (r = 0.73-0.79). Intercorrelations between rating scales were also high (r = 0.65-0.86). It was concluded that there were strong relations between ratings of sleepiness and performance, that the ATS rating scale was at least as good as the other scales and that the ratings were affected by type of task.

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[1]1. Torsvall L, Åkerstedt T. Sleepiness on the job: continuously measured EEG changes in train drivers. Electroencephalogr Clinical Neurophysiol 1987;66:502–11. Ratings predicted performance to a high degree; 35– 50% of the variance in performance scores could be explained by the prior KSS ratings, and this was slightly better than for the VAS ratings. In recent studies John-o,, odt d t St t t ( ot jective" sleepiness measures (multiple sleep latency test and lapses in a tapping task). However, their design and methods for analyzing data might not have been optimal for the purpose of demonstrating relationships. The correlations were calculated across individuals on data aggregated over several measurements, a method that might adequately reveal individual differences but not the sensitivity of self-rating methods. Furthermore, there might have been a restriction of variance due to inadequate manipulation of the underlying sleepiness. Similarly, Herscovitch and Broughton (6) found no correspondence between SSS and performance. The temporal relations between ratings and performance were not clear, however, with the exception of ratings given immediately after tests.
[2]2. Kecklund G, Åkerstedt T. Sieepiness in long distance truck driving: an ambulatory EEG study of night driving. Ergonomics 1993;36:1007-17. There was an even closer covariation between the quality of performance and the ensuing rating of symptoms of sleepiness (ATS). The explained variances were around 50–60%. Glenville and Broughton (5) reported similar correlations for SSS with vigilance and reaction time performance. The higher correlations after tests might be explained by the fact that it may be easier to rate with precision after a specific task because the situation limits extraneous (uncontrolled) influences on alertness and, furthermore, because subjects may be influenced by their perceived quality of performance when rating their sleepiness. These explanations are supported by findings that show higher self-rated sleepiness during or immediately after a performance task
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Background
Chapitre 10 – Exploration de la somnolence et de la vigilance
Philip, P., & Sagaspe, P. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-71025-4.00010-5 · Cited by 1
Karolinska Sleepiness Scale is not Associated with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Severity Indices in Male Taxi Drivers
Çelik, Y. (2023) · European Journal of Therapeutics · doi:10.58600/eurjther1794
The assessment of the disablement process in Parkinson's disease
Jeukens‐Visser, M. (2001) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 1
Inconsistencies in the alertness dimensions within measures of sleepiness
Jordan, K. (2012) · Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) · Cited by 1
Impact on Self-reported Sleepiness, Performance, Effort, and Motivation
Pilcher, J. J., & Odle‐Dusseau, H. N. (2004) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.3109/9780203998007-13 · Cited by 1
Chapter 11. Preventing Drug Administration Errors
Smetzer, J. L., & Cohen, M. R. (2007) · The American Pharmacists Association eBooks · doi:10.21019/9781582120928.ch11 · Cited by 1
Tools to Improve the Process of Engineering Design: An Analysis of Team Configuration and Project Support
Smith, P. E. (2004) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Biomedical signal based drowsiness detection using machine learning: Singular and hybrid signal approaches
Hasan, M. M. (2021) · Queensland University of Technology · doi:10.5204/thesis.eprints.211388 · Cited by 1
Sleep inertia and alcohol impairment in young adults: neurocognitive effects and interactions
Tokley, M., & Ball, M. B. (2008) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
Circadian and homeostatic sleep-wake regulation in women : effects of age and major depressive disorder
Frey, S. (2012) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-005937026
“Mood ratings were measured by the visual analogue scale (VAS)[273] with values from 0 mm (depressed mood) to 100 mm (good mood) and sleepiness was assessed by the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) with a rating range from 1 (not sleepy) to 9 (very sleepy) [274].”
Method
Fármacos que pueden producir somnolencia excesiva
Barbanoj, M. J., Antonijoan, R., García‐Gea, C., Clos, S., Grasa, E., & Giménez, S. (2007) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja)
Circadian and ultradian NREM-REM sleep modulation of dream recall : effects of age and spectral activity
Chellappa, S. L. (2011) · edoc (University of Basel) · doi:10.5451/unibas-005657398
“As a result, this strongly enhances the generation of sleep spindles and deeper stages of NREM sleep (21).”
Efeitos das atividades diárias nos níveis de sonolência, em estudantes do Ensino Médio, trabalhadores e não-trabalhadores
Teixeira, L. R. (2006) · doi:10.11606/t.6.2006.tde-03042007-175137
A norm- and control-referenced comparative study of the neuropsychological profiles of shift workers and patients with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA)
Lee, J. M. K. (2010) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
Too sleepy to drive: self-perception and regulation of driving when sleepy
Watling, C. N., & Smith, S. S. (2012) · University of Southern Queensland ePrints (University of Southern Queensland)
The Effect of Blue Light Therapy on Flight Crew-Members Behavioral AlertnessPreprint
Brown, L., Schoutens, A. M., Whitehurst, G., Booker, T. J., Davis, T., Losinski, S., & Diehl, R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2402409
The role of biological rhythms and blood glucose levels in maintaining a positive mood state.
Martino, O. I. (2008) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
Läkares nattjour under jourvecka: Effekter avseende kognitiv funktion, riskutsatthet samt psykosocial och psykosomatisk belastning
Scharfenort, S., & Löfgren, T. (2013) · Lund University Publications Student Papers (Lund University)
Overall and specific interrelationships between inter-individual variations in personality and sleep-wake adaptability
Putilov, A. A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.093
Diazepam-induced sedative effects follow the pattern of enhanced heat loss in human
KATOH, T., Echizenya, M., Maruyama, F., Satoh, K., Sekine, A., Shimizu, T., & Mishima, K. (2004) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2004.00149.x
An exploratory study of neuropsychological impairment, driving performance, and sleepiness in obstructive sleep apnoea and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fazio, D. D. (2010) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University)
sleep, circadian phase, and performance The impact of a week of simulated night work on
Lamond, N., Dorrian, J., & Roach, G. D. (2010)
Separation of the retinal and central contribution to changes in visual performance after light exposure
Vandewalle, G. (2003) · ORBi (University of Liège)
Faster, better, safer? Studies of safety, workload and performance in naval high-speed ship navigation
Gould, K. S. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Running Head: prospective memory impairments
Hadjiefthyvoulou, F., Fisk, J. E., Montgomery, C., & Bridges, N. (2013)
unrelated during sleep deprivation are stable and Individual differences in subjective and objective
Kosslyn, S. M., Cauter, E. V., Leproult, R., Colecchia, E. F., Berardi, A., & Stickgold, R. (2006)
Accepting multiple simultaneous liver offers does not negatively impact transplant outcomes
Eldeen, F. Z., Mourad, M. M., Bhandari, M., Roll, G. R., Gunson, B. K., Mergental, H., Bramhall, S. R., Isaac, J., Muiesan, P., Mirza, D. F., et al. (2015) · Transplant International · doi:10.1111/tri.12705
Circadian and Homeostatic Sleep Regulation in Humans: Effects of Age and Monochromatic Light
Fakultät, P.-N. (2006)

Authors: Gillberg, M., Kecklund, G., & Åkerstedt, T.
Affiliations: Karolinska Institutet (SE)
Corresponding author: Gillberg, Mats
ORCID: Kecklund, Göran
Åkerstedt, Torbjörn
Venue: Sleep
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1994-05
Volume: 17
Issue: 3
Pages: 236-241
ISSN: 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
1550-9109
DOI: 10.1093/sleep/17.3.236
OpenAlex: W254030361
Cited by: 423
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 6.99
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: SLEEP (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
Keywords: sleepiness, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, visual vigilance task, reaction time, sleep deprivation, scale validation, visual analogue scale, performance degradation
MeSH terms: Adult, Arousal, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Self-Assessment, Sleep Deprivation, Task Performance and Analysis, Wakefulness

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Relations Between Performance and Subjective Ratings of Sleepiness During a Night Awake

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