Cited by 2,538Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disorders

Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach

Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., Dement, W. C.·1973·Psychophysiology

Abstract

The Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) is a self‐rating scale which is used to quantify progressive steps in sleepiness. The present study investigated whether the SSS cross‐validates with performance on mental tasks and whether the SSS demonstrates changes in sleepiness with sleep loss. Five college student S s were given a brief test of memory and the Wilkinson Addition Test in 2 test sessions and The Wilkinson Vigilance Test in 2 other sessions spaced throughout a 16‐hr day for 6 days. S s made SSS ratings every 15 min during their waking activities. On night 4, S s underwent all night sleep deprivation. On all other nights, S s were allowed only 8 hrs in bed. Mean SSS ratings correlated r = .68 with performance on the Wilkinson Tests. Discrete SSS ratings correlated r = .47 with performance on the memory test. Moreover, mean baseline SSS ratings were found to be significantly lower than corresponding ratings of the deprivation period.

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Crossref · 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x

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  • Increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods.

    “increasing perceived severity of sleep deprivation across individuals, indexed by self-reported subjective sleepiness14, was positively and significantly correlated with the percentage of wanted high-calorie foods (Fig 3B)”

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Authors
Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C.
Affiliations
  • Stanford Medicine (US)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
Corresponding author
Hoddes, E.
Venue
Psychophysiology
Publisher
Wiley
Published
1973-07
Volume
10
Issue
4
Pages
431-436
ISSN
  • 0048-5772 (ISSN-L)
  • 1469-8986
OpenAlex
W2002716918
Cited by
2,538
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 66 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 95 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 110 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 101 · 2017: 94 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 71
FWCI
3.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Psychophysiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
Stanford Sleepiness Scale, sleepiness, sleep deprivation, sustained attention, vigilance decrement, memory performance, cross-validation, university students
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Humans, Male, Memory, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Self Concept, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness

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