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Incidence and Risk Factors of Insomnia in a Population-Based Sample
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Despite the high prevalence of insomnia, there is little information about its incidence and risk factors. This study estimated the incidence of insomnia and examined potential risk factors in a cohort of good sleepers followed over a one-year period. METHODS: Participants were 464 good sleepers who completed 3 postal evaluations over a one-year period (i.e., baseline, 6 months, and 12 months). Questionnaires assessed sleep, psychological and personality variables, stressful life events and coping skills, and health-related quality of life. Participants were categorized into 3 subgroups: (a) good sleepers (i.e., participants who remained good sleepers at the 3 assessments), (b) insomnia symptoms incident cases (i.e., developed insomnia symptoms either at 6- or 12-month follow-up), and (c) insomnia syndrome incident cases (i.e., developed an insomnia syndrome either at 6- or 12- month follow-up). RESULTS: One-year incidence rates were 30.7% for insomnia symptoms and 7.4% for insomnia syndrome. These rates decreased to 28.8% and 3.9% for those without prior lifetime episode of insomnia. Compared to good sleepers and insomnia symptoms incident cases, insomnia syndrome incident cases presented a premorbid psychological vulnerability to insomnia, characterized by higher depressive and anxiety symptoms, lower extraversion, higher arousability, and poorer self-rated mental health at baseline. They also presented a higher level of bodily pain and a poorer general health. Five variables were associated with a new onset of an insomnia syndrome: previous episode of insomnia, positive family history of insomnia, higher arousability predisposition, poorer self-rated general health, and higher bodily pain. CONCLUSION: The one-year insomnia incidence rate was very high and several psychological and health factors were associated with new onset insomnia. Improved knowledge about the nature of these predisposing factors would be helpful to guide the development of effective public health prevention and intervention programs to promote better sleep quality.
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“Research indicates a bidirectional relationship between sleep and anxiety with findings suggesting anxiety can precede poor sleep and vice versa.”
From Do non-pharmacological sleep interventions affect anxiety symptoms? A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as LeBlanc et al., 2009
In the citing paper
“In the general population, the one-year incidence rate is ~30% for sleep complaints and 7% for new-onset insomnia disorder”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [331]
In the citing paper
“As such, there is some evidence, albeit cautiously due to these definitional differences, that specific predisposing, precipitating and coping factors may be important during the pre-chronic phase.”
From The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“The findings suggest that individuals with subsyndromal insomnia were older and reported higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, greater scores on measures of arousal predisposition, neuroticism, and maladaptive coping (emotion or avoidance focused), and lower scores on extraversion, compared to NS.”
From The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
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Metadata
- Authors
- LeBlanc, M., Mérette, C., Savard, J., Ivers, H., Baillargeon, L., & Morin, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Université Laval (CA)
- Centre hospitalier de l'Université Laval (CA)
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1027-1037
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2717193
- OpenAlex
- W121521060
- Cited by
- 493
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 26.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Corpus Université Laval (Université Laval) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Sleep Foundation
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Sanofi
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- insomnia, risk factors, good sleepers, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, extraversion, arousability, bodily pain, self-rated health, health-related quality of life, life events, coping strategies, sleep quality
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Arousal, Attitude to Health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Life Change Events, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Quality of Life, Quebec, Recurrence, Risk Factors, Syndrome, Comorbidity, Incidence
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