Continuous Exposure to Dibromoacetic Acid Delays Pubertal Development and Compromises Sperm Quality in the Rat
Abstract
Previously our work on the haloacid by-products of drinking water disinfection focused on adult exposures. Herein we evaluate the consequence of continuous exposure to dibromoacetic acid (DBA) via drinking water through reproductive development into adulthood. An initial study in which offspring were exposed from gestation day (GD) 15 through adulthood revealed significant delays in preputial separation and vaginal opening, dose-related decreases in the fertility of cauda epididymal sperm, and dose-related diminutions in the sperm membrane protein SP22. Subsequent studies consisted of groups in which exposure ceased on postnatal day 21 (PND 21) versus adulthood. For each exposure, animals were evaluated after puberty (PND 56) as well as at adulthood (PND 120). Exposure to 4, 40, or 400 ppm DBA from GD 15 through PND 21 failed to result in any significant reproductive alterations. By contrast, continuous exposure until adulthood resulted in dose-related alterations consistent with those observed in the dose-finding study. Preputial separation and vaginal opening were delayed 4 and 3 days in males and females exposed to 400 ppm (76.3 mg/kg) DBA. This was associated with increased responsiveness of both the testis and ovary to hCG ex vivo; hCG-stimulated testosterone production by testicular parenchyma on PND 56 was increased at 4 ppm (0.6 mg/kg) DBA and higher. Finally, the quality of proximal cauda epididymal sperm was compromised by continuous exposure to DBA. The sperm membrane proteome was altered in a dose-related manner with SP22, and one of its charged variants, diminished at 40 ppm (3.6 mg/kg) DBA and higher. As more sensitive endpoints are evaluated, lower effect levels can be attributed to haloacid exposure. We are now extending our evaluations to epidemiology studies designed to evaluate sperm quality in men exposed to varying levels of disinfection by-products.
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Animal experiments have suggested biological endpoints of DBP exposure such as neurodevelopmental outcomes and delayed puberty.
“Animal experiments have suggested biological endpoints of DBP exposure such as neurodevelopmental outcomes and delayed puberty [11,99]”
From Overview of Disinfection By-products and Associated Health Effects (2015) · cites this paper as [99]
The Discussion (page not supplied) reports delayed pubertal markers in male and female rats continuously exposed to dibromoacetic acid, a disinfection by-product. Our copy does not report neurodevelopmental outcomes, so it supports only the delayed-puberty part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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- Authors
- Klinefelter, G. R.
- Affiliations
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klinefelter, G. R.
- Venue
- Toxicological Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2004-07-14
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 419-429
- ISSN
- 1096-0929 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168486318
- Semantic Scholar
- bcd25c04e4230a6c55d722b154c9297163ec15fa
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Toxicological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- dibromoacetic acid, haloacetic acids, drinking water disinfection by-products, pubertal development, semen quality, cauda epididymal sperm, developmental toxicity, reproductive toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Acetates, Animals, Body Weight, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Epididymis, Female, Fertility, Hormones, Male, Organ Size, Pregnancy, Progesterone, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Maturation, Sperm Motility, Spermatozoa, Vagina, Rats
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