Does the Bacteremia Observed in Hemorrhagic Shock Have Clinical Significance?: A Study in Germ-Free Animals

RUSH, BENJAMIN F.; REDAN, JAY A.; FLANAGAN, JOHN J.; HENEGHAN, JAMES B.; HSIEH, JOHN; MURPHY, THOMAS F.; SMITH, SHARON; MACHIEDO, GEORGE W.

doi:10.1097/00000658-198909000-00010

Cited by 73Sepsis Diagnosis and TreatmentTrauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, ResuscitationImmune Response and Inflammation

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Does the Bacteremia Observed in Hemorrhagic Shock Have Clinical Significance?: A Study in Germ-Free Animals

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RUSH, BENJAMIN F., REDAN, JAY A., FLANAGAN, JOHN J., HENEGHAN, JAMES B., HSIEH, JOHN, MURPHY, THOMAS F., SMITH, SHARON, MACHIEDO, GEORGE W.·1989·Annals of Surgery

DOI 10.1097/00000658-198909000-00010PMC PMC1358000

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Abstract

We have recently reported the rapid appearance of bacteria and endotoxin in the blood of rats and of trauma patients in the course of 30 minutes to 2 hours of hemorrhagic shock. The current study was designed to determine the effect of this bacteremia and endotoxemia on survival. Thirty-three conventional (C:group 1) and 36 germ-free (GF:group 2) Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to our previously described model of treated hemorrhagic shock. Survival in the GF group was significantly better than the C group at 24, 48, and 72 hours after shock. Endotoxin levels were elevated in 88% of C group during shock and in 28% of GF group. The gut of the GF animal contains endotoxin (26 ng/gm of stool) as does the sterile food supply (393 ng/gm of rat chow).

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He, H., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Zhang, X., Li, Z., Song, T., & Wang, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1865486

Endotoxemia and Bacteremia During Hemorrhagic Shock The Link Between Trauma and Sepsis?
Rush, B. F., Sori, A., Murphy, T. F., Smith, S. M. R., Flanagan, J. J., & Machiedo, G. W. (1988) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/00000658-198805000-00009 · Cited by 383
A "treated" model for severe hemorrhagic shock: a comparison of conventional and germ-free animals.
Flanagan, J. J., Rush, B. F., Murphy, T. F., Smith, S. C., Machiedo, G. W., HSIEH, J., Rosa, D. M., & Heneghan, J. B. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 5
Effect of Hemorrhagic Shock on Viability of Invading Bacteria.
Frank, E. D., Macdonald, J. B., Palmerio, C., SCHWEINBURG, F. B., & Fine, J. (1961) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-106-26349 · Cited by 10
Hemorrhagic Shock Induces Bacterial Translocation from the Gut
BAKER, J. W., Deitch, E. A., LI, M. A., Berg, R. D., & Specian, R. D. (1988) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-198807000-00002 · Cited by 389
Plasma endotoxin and cytokine concentrations in patients with hemorrhagic shock
Endo, S., Inada, K., Yamada, Y., Takakuwa, T., KASAI, T., Nakae, H., Yoshida, M., & Ceska, M. (1994) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199406000-00012 · Cited by 69

Authors: RUSH, B. F., REDAN, J. A., FLANAGAN, J. J., HENEGHAN, J. B., HSIEH, J., MURPHY, T. F., SMITH, S., & MACHIEDO, G. W.
Affiliations: Louisiana State University (US)
ORCID: MURPHY, THOMAS F.
SMITH, SHARON
Venue: Annals of Surgery
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1989-09
Volume: 210
Issue: 3
Pages: 342-347
ISSN: 0003-4932 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00000658-198909000-00010
PMC: PMC1358000
OpenAlex: W2069408674
Cited by: 73
References: 29
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI: 5.19
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annals of Surgery (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of General Medical Sciences (GM-37060-03)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Trauma, Hemostasis, Coagulopathy, Resuscitation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Keywords: hemorrhagic shock, bacteremia, endotoxemia, germ-free rats, survival, trauma (physical injury), sepsis
MeSH terms: Animals, Endotoxins, Feces, Germ-Free Life, Rats, Inbred Strains, Reference Values, Shock, Hemorrhagic, Time Factors, Sepsis, Rats

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Does the Bacteremia Observed in Hemorrhagic Shock Have Clinical Significance?: A Study in Germ-Free Animals

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