The DOI matches its Crossref record; 9 of the 9 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Meta-Analysis of the Treatment of Panic Disorder with or without Agoraphobia: A Comparison of Psychopharmacological, Cognitive-Behavioral, and Combination Treatments
Abstract
To compare short-term efficacy of benzodiazepines, antidepressants, psychological panic management, exposure in vivo, and combination treatments in panic disorder with or without agoraphobia (PA), a meta-analysis was conducted. Included were 106 studies, pertaining to 222 treatment conditions, 5,011 patients at pretest and 4,016 at posttest. Pre/post effect sizes Cohen's d were calculated within the treatment conditions for four clinical variables: panic, agoraphobia, depression, and general anxiety. Seven large treatment conditions were used in the main analyses: high-potency benzodiazepines, antidepressants, psychological panic management, exposure in vivo, pill-placebo combined with exposure, antidepressants combined with exposure, and psychological panic management combined with exposure in vivo. First, these treatments were compared with a control condition, consisting of pill-placebo, attention placebo, and waiting list. Next, a comparison was made between the treatments. Antidepressants, psychological panic management, high-potency benzodiazepines, and antidepressants combined with exposure in vivo were superior to the control condition for panic attacks. Exposure in vivo alone was not effective for panic attacks. With regard to agoraphobic avoidance, all seven treatments were superior to the control condition. When comparing the various treatment conditions, no differences concerning panic attacks were found. For agoraphobic avoidance, the combination of antidepressants with exposure in vivo was superior to the other conditions. The combination of antidepressants with exposure in vivo is the most potent short-term treatment of PA.
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“All outcome measures have good psychometric properties.”
From Early intervention in panic: Pragmatic randomised controlled trial (2010) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of psychological treatments in group and individual formats in patients with panic disorder [54-56], specific phobia [57], SAD [58,59], OCD [60-63], GAD [55,64,65], or PTSD [66-69]”
From Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [54]
Citations
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Meta‐analysis on the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia: Review and re‐examination
van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Nauta, M. C. E., & Bakker, A. (1995) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.5640020101 · Cited by 32
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Percepção de dor aguda em pacientes com transtorno de pânico
Miranda, F. P., Crepaldi, A. M., Almeida, F. F., Cheniaux, E., Nardi, A. E., Landeira-Fernández, J., Cruz, A. P. D. M., & de Souza, W. C. (2011) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1590/s0102-79722011000400019
Angenendt, J., & Frommberger, U. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-24950-1.00100-1
&NA; (2008) · Drugs & Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.2165/00042310-200824040-00004
(2010) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615370924.jw01
Anta, L. D., Álvarez-Mon, M. Á., Pereira-Sánchez, V., Donat‐Vargas, C., Abelanda, F. L., Arrieta, M., Montero-Torres, M., Montero, C. G., Fraile‐Μartinez, O., Mora, F., et al. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.57394
Grundlagen der Diagnostik und Therapie
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-22487-4.16001-0
Renner, V., Duhm, J., Lorenz, T., Joraschky, P., & Petrowski, K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70055 · Cited by 1
“Effective treatment options include both pharmacotherapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT; e. g. Van Balkom et al. 1997; Ziffra 2021).”
McKeegan, G. F. (2026) · Evidence-based practices in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18372-9_12
Angst- oder furchtbezogene Störungen
Domschke, K., & Zwanzger, P. (2026) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-45028-0_69-2
Influencing panic : experimental and clinical studies into determinants of panic severity
Knuts, I. (2015) · Research Publications (Maastricht University) · doi:10.26481/dis.20150527ik
Cummings, C. M., Read, K. L., Brodman, D. M., O’Neil, K. A., Villaboe, M. A., Gere, M. K., & Kendall, P. C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6458-7_4
Metadata
- Authors
- VAN BALKOM, A. J. L. M., BAKKER, A., SPINHOVEN, P., BLAAUW, B. M. J. W., SMEENK, S., & RUESINK, B.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- ORCID
- SPINHOVEN, PHILIP
- Venue
- The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 185
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 510-516
- ISSN
- 0022-3018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2064623716
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Disorders
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, antidepressants, in vivo exposure, cognitive behavioral therapy, combination therapy, agoraphobic avoidance, panic attacks, depression, general anxiety, short-term treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Agoraphobia, Antidepressive Agents, Benzodiazepines, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Panic Disorder, Treatment Outcome
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