The DOI matches its OpenAlex record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Does Education Explain Ethnic Differences in Myopia Prevalence? A Population-Based Study of Young Adult Males in Singapore
Abstract
PURPOSE: To study interethnic variation in myopia prevalence and severity in young adult males in Singapore and to determine whether these variations are related to differences in education level. METHODS: A population-based survey of refractive errors in a cohort of 15,095 military conscripts between July 1996 and June 1997 using noncycloplegic autorefraction and a standard questionnaire. Prevalence rates of myopia (<-0.5 D) and severe myopia (<-6.0 D) were determined for Chinese, Malay, and Indian men; prevalence rate ratios were compared after adjusting for education level. RESULTS: Singapore has one of the highest prevalences of myopia (79.3%) and severe myopia (13.1%), with Chinese having higher rates (82.2%, 95% confidence interval 81.5, 82.9) compared with Indians (68.7%, 95% confidence interval 65.1, 67.1) and Malays (65.0%, 95% confidence interval 62.9, 67.1). Education was strongly associated with prevalence and severity of myopia. However, significant interethnic variation persisted after adjusting for education. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of myopia in Singapore. Although prevalence and severity of myopia were strongly associated with education, interethnic variation observed was not fully explained by differences in education level.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in adult Chinese in Singapore.
Wong, T. Y., Foster, P. J., Hee, J., Ng, T. P., Tielsch, J. M., Chew, S., Johnson, G. J., & Seah, S. K. W. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 722
Prevalence of Myopia in the United States
Sperduto, R. D., Seigel, D., Roberts, J., & Rowland, M. (1983) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1983.01040010405011 · Cited by 569
Saw, S.-M., Katz, J., Schein, O. D., Chew, S.-J., & Chan, T.-K. (1996) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017924 · Cited by 473
Self-citationEpidemiologic Study of Ocular Refraction among Schoolchildren in Taiwan in 1995
Lin, L. L., Shih, Y., Tsai, C., Chen, C., LEE, L.-A., Hung, P., & Hou, P. (1999) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1999.tb05395.x · Cited by 472
Prevalence and risk factors for refractive errors in an adult inner city population.
Katz, J., Tielsch, J. M., & Sommer, A. H. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 435
Prevalence of Myopia and Refractive Changes in Students From 3 to 17 Years of Age
Matsumura, H., & Hirai, H. (1999) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(99)00094-6 · Cited by 211
Angle, J., & Wissmann, D. A. (1980) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112889 · Cited by 194
Prevalence of Myopia and Refractive Changes in Students From 3 to 17 years of Age
松村, 洋. (2000) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · doi:10.11501/3174479 · Cited by 188
Nation‐wide survey of myopia among schoolchildren in Taiwan, 1986
Lin, L. L., Chen, C., Hung, P., & Ko, L. (1988) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb02657.x · Cited by 185
Lee, J., & Chia, K. S. (1993) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.50.9.861 · Cited by 164
Cited by
The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention
Morgan, I. G., French, A. N., Ashby, R. S., Guo, X., Ding, X., He, M., & Rose, K. A. (2018) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.09.004 · Cited by 1,310
Chia, A., Chua, W.-H., Cheung, Y.-B., Wong, W.-L., Lingham, A., Fong, A., & Tan, D. (2012) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031 · Cited by 852
Self-citationAtchison, D. A. (2018) · Encyclopedia of Modern Optics · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803581-8.09773-3 · Cited by 484
(2002) · PubMed · Cited by 474
Foong, A. W. P., Saw, S.-M., Loo, J.-L., Shen, S., Loon, S.-C., Rosman, M., Aung, T., Tan, D. T. H., Tai, E. S., & Wong, T. Y. (2007) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1080/09286580600878844 · Cited by 432
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Wu, H., Seet, B., Yap, E. P. H., Saw, S., Lim, T.-H., & Chia, A. K.-S.
- Venue
- Optometry and Vision Science
- Publisher
- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
- Published
- 2001-04-01
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 234-239
- ISSN
- 1040-5488 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082158170
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 10.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Does Education Explain Ethnic Differences in Myopia Prevalence? A Population-Based Study of Young Adult Males in Singapore. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01245.x
- The paper
- Wu, H., Seet, B., Yap, E. P. H., Saw, S., Lim, T.-H., & Chia, A. K.-S. (2001). Does Education Explain Ethnic Differences in Myopia Prevalence? A Population-Based Study of Young Adult Males in Singapore. Optometry and Vision Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1538-9235.2001.tb01245.x
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
