The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Systematic Review of the Mortality of Depression
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The literature on the mortality of depression was assessed with respect to five issues: 1) strength of evidence for increased mortality, 2) controlling for mediating factors, 3) the contribution of suicide, 4) variation across sample types, and 5) possible mechanisms. METHOD: All relevant English language databases from 1966 to 1996 were searched for reviews and studies that included 1) a formal assessment of depressive symptoms or disorders, 2) death rates or risks, and 3) an appropriate comparison group. RESULTS: There were 57 studies found; 29 (51%) were positive, 13 (23%) negative, and 15 (26%) mixed. Twenty-one studies (37%) ranked among the better studies on the strength of evidence scale used in this study, but there are too few comparable, well-controlled studies to provide a sound estimate of the mortality risk associated with depression. Only six studies controlled for more than one of the four major mediating factors. Suicide accounted for less than 20% of the deaths in psychiatric samples, and less than 1% in medical and community samples. Depression seems to increase the risk of death by cardiovascular disease, especially in men, but depression does not seem to increase the risk of death by cancer. Variability in methods prevents a more rigorous meta-analysis of risk. CONCLUSION: The studies linking depression to early death are poorly controlled, but they suggest that depression substantially increases the risk of death, especially death by unnatural causes and cardiovascular disease. Future well-controlled studies of high risk groups may guide efforts to develop treatments that reduce the mortality risk of depression.
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“comorbid depression is often associated with a worse course of the physical disorder.114–116 A number of reasons could be involved here, but one of the most consistently documented is that depression is often associated with non-adherence to treatment regimens.112, 117, 118”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [118]
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Appleton, K. M., Woodside, J. V., Arveiler, D., Haas, B., Amouyel, P., Montaye, M., Ferrières, J., Ruidavets, J., YARNELL, J. W. G., Kee, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.07.010 · Cited by 7
Wolfe, H. L., Boyer, T. L., Henderson, E. R., Streed, C. G., & Blosnich, J. R. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.174 · Cited by 7
Suizid – Suizidversuch – Suizidalität
Berzewski, H., & Pajonk, F. (2012) · Notfall + Rettungsmedizin · doi:10.1007/s10049-012-1580-y · Cited by 8
Strömberg, R., Backlund, L. G., Johansson, S.-E., & Löfvander, M. B. (2013) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmt039 · Cited by 7
The thyroid dysfunction of suicide attempts in major depression
Liu, F., Huang, L., Zhu, R., Peng, C., & Deng, X. (2021) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2020.12.022 · Cited by 7
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental para depressão: um caso clínico
Camargo, J., & Andretta, I. (2013) · Contextos Clínicos · doi:10.4013/ctc.2013.61.03 · Cited by 8
The GIFT Program for Major Depression: Integrating Group, Individual, and Family Treatment.
Friedman, M. A., Cardemil, E. V., Uebelacker, L. A., Beevers, C. G., Chestnut, C., & Miller, I. W. (2005) · Journal of Psychotherapy Integration · doi:10.1037/1053-0479.15.2.147 · Cited by 7
Lançon, C. (2010) · L Encéphale · doi:10.1016/s0013-7006(10)70041-5 · Cited by 7
Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder and Dysthymic Disorder
D, M. F. M., & Cassano, P. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04743-2.50031-7 · Cited by 7
de Walle, M. V., Bijttebier, P., Raedt, R. D., & Bosmans, G. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.12.002 · Cited by 7
The “Clinician’s illusion” and the epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders
Patten, S. B. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1969-3 · Cited by 8
Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease
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Haarasilta, L. (2003) · Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja · Cited by 7
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“[11,12] Depression is associated with decreased health care utilization,[13] decreased the quality of life,[14] and increased suicidal tendency among patients.[15] Among PLHA, depression increases the likelihood of HIV transmission,[16] is often associated with poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART),[17] leadi…”
BackgroundHaseda, M., Takagi, D., Stickley, A., Kondo, K., & Kondo, N. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102764 · Cited by 6
Keogh, T. M., Howard, S., & Gallagher, S. M. (2022) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12638 · Cited by 6
“Prospective and cross-sectional evidence suggest depression predicts hypertension (Jonas & Lando, 2000), stroke (Gump et al., 2005), poorer cardiac prognosis (Lichtman et al., 2008) and increases the risk of CVD mortality (Brindle et al., 2013; Wulsin et al., 1999).”
BackgroundLobo, A., Saz, P., Marcos, G., Campos, R., García‐Campayo, J., Orozco, F. A. C., Barcones, M. F., Campayo, A., & Sarasola, A. (2005) · The European Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4321/s0213-61632005000300006 · Cited by 6
“The association of depression and increased mortality rate is particularly intriguing among the elderly (Wulsin et al. 1999), either in general hospital studies (Cole and Bellavance 1997), or in non-hospitalized patients (Lesperance et al.”
BackgroundMcClintock, H. F. D. V., Kurichi, J. E., Kwong, P. L., Xie, D., Stineman, M. G., & Bogner, H. R. (2018) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000000942 · Cited by 6
Ferns, G. A. (2018) · Translational Metabolic Syndrome Research · doi:10.1016/j.tmsr.2018.04.003 · Cited by 9
“Depression is associated with an increased risk of premature death, death from unnatural causes [91] and CVD [92].”
BackgroundKabir, M. A. (2018) · Pharmaceutical Science and Technology · doi:10.11648/j.pst.20180201.11 · Cited by 7
“Adolescence depression is more harmful than any other age [40].”
BackgroundThe effect of psycho-social factors on the suicidal ideation of older adults
Kim, M. (2010) · Korean Journal of Gerontological Social Welfare · doi:10.21194/kjgsw..47.201003.113 · Cited by 6
Factors incorporated into future survival estimation among Europeans
Papachristos, A., Verropoulou, G., Ploubidis, G. B., & Tsimbos, C. (2020) · Demographic Research · doi:10.4054/demres.2020.42.2 · Cited by 6
“Further, depression is associated with higher mortality (Wulsin, Vaillant, and Wells 1999), and this also holds regarding poor cognitive function (Smits et al. 1999).”
BackgroundOng, G. J., Nguyen, T. H. T., Stansborough, J. K., Surikow, S. Y., & Horowitz, J. D. (2020) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-019-06918-5 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore we cannot be precisely sure in all cases whether patients’ prior pharmacotherapy represented the mechanism of induction of TS attacks, or simply a marker of risk:- similarly, mortality risk may represent the sum of that imposed by the pre-existing disease states plus sequelae from TS [30, 31].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Wulsin, L. R., Vaillant, G. E., & Wells, V. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Wulsin, Lawson R.
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 1999
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6-17
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2057242026
- Cited by
- 703
- References
- 73
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 31
- FWCI
- 5.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, mortality, suicide, cardiovascular disease, cancer mortality, mediators, psychiatric patients, community population, sex differences, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged
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