Cited by 703Cardiac Health and Mental HealthSuicide and Self-Harm StudiesMental Health Treatment and Access

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 72 of the 73 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A Systematic Review of the Mortality of Depression

Wulsin, Lawson R., Vaillant, George E., Wells, Victoria E.·1999·Psychosomatic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The literature on the mortality of depression was assessed with respect to five issues: 1) strength of evidence for increased mortality, 2) controlling for mediating factors, 3) the contribution of suicide, 4) variation across sample types, and 5) possible mechanisms. METHOD: All relevant English language databases from 1966 to 1996 were searched for reviews and studies that included 1) a formal assessment of depressive symptoms or disorders, 2) death rates or risks, and 3) an appropriate comparison group. RESULTS: There were 57 studies found; 29 (51%) were positive, 13 (23%) negative, and 15 (26%) mixed. Twenty-one studies (37%) ranked among the better studies on the strength of evidence scale used in this study, but there are too few comparable, well-controlled studies to provide a sound estimate of the mortality risk associated with depression. Only six studies controlled for more than one of the four major mediating factors. Suicide accounted for less than 20% of the deaths in psychiatric samples, and less than 1% in medical and community samples. Depression seems to increase the risk of death by cardiovascular disease, especially in men, but depression does not seem to increase the risk of death by cancer. Variability in methods prevents a more rigorous meta-analysis of risk. CONCLUSION: The studies linking depression to early death are poorly controlled, but they suggest that depression substantially increases the risk of death, especially death by unnatural causes and cardiovascular disease. Future well-controlled studies of high risk groups may guide efforts to develop treatments that reduce the mortality risk of depression.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003

Cites

72 of 72 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

MANIC DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS
Davenport, Y. B., Adland, M. L., Gold, P. W., & Goodwin, F. K. (1984) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(84)92810-1 · Cited by 2,925
Depression and 18-Month Prognosis After Myocardial Infarction
Frasure‐Smith, N., Lespérance, F., & Talajic, M. R. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.91.4.999 · Cited by 1,546
Symptoms of depression, acute myocardial infarction, and total mortality in a community sample
Barefoot, J. C., & Schroll, M. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.93.11.1976 · Cited by 850
Depressed Affect, Hopelessness, and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in a Cohort of U.S. Adults
Anda, R. F., Williamson, D. F., Jones, D., Macera, C., Eaker, E. D., Glassman, A. H., & Marks, J. S. (1993) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199307000-00003 · Cited by 770
Suicide and Primary Affective Disorders
Guzé, S. B., & Robins, E. (1970) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.117.539.437 · Cited by 724
Cigarette smoking: implications for psychiatric illness
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.4.546 · Cited by 723
Personality as independent predictor of long-term mortality in patients with coronary heart disease
Denollet, J., Rombouts, H., Gillebert, T. C., Brutsaert, D. L., Sys, S. U., Brutsaert, D. L., & Stroobant, N. (1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)90007-0 · Cited by 679
Depression and the Course of Coronary Artery Disease
Glassman, A. H., & Shapiro, P. A. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.1.4 · Cited by 674
Hopelessness and Risk of Mortality and Incidence of Myocardial Infarction and Cancer
Everson‐Rose, S. A., Goldberg, D. E., Kaplan, G. A., Cohen, R. D., Pukkala, ., Tuomilehto, J., & Salonen, J. T. (1996) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199603000-00003 · Cited by 591
Exaggerated platelet reactivity in major depression
Musselman, D. L., Tomer, A., Manatunga, A. K., Knight, B. T., Porter, M. R., Kasey, S., Marzec, U. M., Harker, L. A., & Nemeroff, C. B. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1313 · Cited by 566

Show all 73 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Rovner, 1991, JAMA, 265, 993, 10.1001/jama.1991.03460080063033 · DOI
Lindesay, 1989, J Geriatr Psychiatry, 22, 53
Roose, 1991, J Clin Psychiatry, 52, 34
Ladwig, 1991, Eur Heart J, 12, 959

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 700

Is panic disorder associated with coronary artery disease? A critical review of the literature
Fleet, R. P., Lavoie, K., & Beitman, B. D. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00101-4 · Cited by 135
Antidepressant Use, Depressive Symptoms, and Incident Frailty in Women Aged 65 and Older from the W omen's H ealth I nitiative Observational Study
Lakey, S. L., LaCroix, A. Z., Gray, S. L., Soo Borson, B., Williams, C. D., Calhoun, D., Goveas, J. S., Smoller, J. W., Ockene, J. K., Masaki, K., et al. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03940.x · Cited by 137
Risk factors for suicide in bipolar disorder: A systematic review
Costa, L. D. S., Alencar, Á. P., Neto, P. J. N., dos Santos, M. D. S. V., da Silva, C. G. L., Pinheiro, S. D. F. L., Silveira, R. T., Bianco, B. A. V., Pinheiro, R. F. F., de Lima, M. A. P., et al. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.003 · Cited by 139
Poor sleep increases the prospective risk for recurrent events in middle-aged women with coronary disease
Leineweber, C., Kecklund, G., Janszky, I., Åkerstedt, T., & Orth‐Gomér, K. (2003) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00475-0 · Cited by 131
“Depression has been frequently found to be a risk factor for heart disease [8–10], and may underlie the association between sleep complaints and CHD.”
Background
Depressive Symptoms, Coronary Heart Disease, and Overall Mortality in the Framingham Heart Study
Wulsin, L. R., Evans, J. C., Vasan, R. S., Murabito, J. M., Kelly‐Hayes, M., & Benjamin, E. J. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000181274.56785.28 · Cited by 132
“The association between depressive symptoms and all-cause mortality was consistent with the majority of methodologically strong community studies (3–8), which have shown that depression contributes to death (5,16), primarily through pathways other than suicide.”
ResultSelf-citation
Prediction of All-Cause Mortality by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Optimism-Pessimism Scale Scores: Study of a College Sample During a 40-Year Follow-up Period
Brummett, B. H., Helms, M. J., Dahlstrom, W. G., & Siegler, I. C. (2006) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/81.12.1541 · Cited by 128
“• December 2006;81(12):1541-1544 • www.”
A prospective study of church attendance and health over the lifespan.
Koenig, L. B., & Vaillant, G. E. (2009) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0012984 · Cited by 127
Self-citation
Blunted cardiovascular reactivity relates to depression, obesity, and self-reported health
Phillips, A. C. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.016 · Cited by 126
“Depression has been linked prospectively with mortality from cardiovascular disease (Hemingway and Marmot, 1999; Wulsin et al., 1999).”
Lifetime History of Depression and Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-aged Women
Jones, D. J., Bromberger, J. T., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Matthews, K. A. (2003) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.153 · Cited by 122
The Role of Spirituality in the Relationship Between Religiosity and Depression in Prostate Cancer Patients
Nelson, C., Jacobson, C. M., Weinberger, M. I., Bhaskaran, V., Rosenfeld, B., Breitbart, W., & Roth, A. J. (2009) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9139-y · Cited by 118
“A diagnosis of depression increases both psychological suffering and mortality rates [3, 4].”
Background
Prolonged stress-related cardiovascular activation: Is there any?
Pieper, S., & BROSSCHOT, J. F. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm3002_1 · Cited by 124
Hopelessness Predicts Mortality in Older Mexican and European Americans
Stern, S. L., Dhanda, R., & Hazuda, H. P. (2001) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200105000-00003 · Cited by 109
“(40) noted in their comprehensive review of the mortality of depression, the widely varying results in this literature may in part reflect many authors’ failure to control for key risk factors.”
Result
Blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress predict symptoms of depression five years later: Evidence from a large community study
Phillips, A. C., Hunt, K., Der, G., & Carroll, D. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01045.x · Cited by 111
Sociodemographic diversity and behavioral medicine.
Whitfield, K. E., Weidner, G., Clark, R., & Anderson, N. B. (2002) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.70.3.463 · Cited by 109
The Bargaining Model of Depression
Hagen, E. H. (2003) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3232.003.0008 · Cited by 108
“As a recent systematic review of the mortality of depression concluded (Wulsin et al. 1999): The existing body of studies, so rich with mixed findings and so lean in the numbers of well-controlled comparable studies, suggests a substantial effect of depression on mortality in some populations, but…”
Background
Treatment‐latency and previous episodes: relationships to pretreatment morbidity and response to maintenance treatment in bipolar I and II disorders
Baldessarini, R. J., Tondo, L., & Hennen, J. A. (2003) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2003.00030.x · Cited by 108
The association between insomnia and cardiovascular diseases
Spiegelhalder, K. (2010) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s7471 · Cited by 107
“Indeed, there is compelling evidence that depression is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.(9,10) Furthermore, depression is a predictor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease,(11) which might be explained by physical inactivity.”
Are Large Physiological Reactions to Acute Psychological Stress Always Bad for Health?
Carroll, D., Lovallo, W. R., & Phillips, A. C. (2009) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00205.x · Cited by 106
Effect of Depression on Stroke Morbidity and Mortality
Ramasubbu, R., & Patten, S. B. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800409 · Cited by 106
“The existing body of literature on stroke morbidity and mortality and depression is small, compared with the numerous studies investigating cardiac morbidity and mortality (1,2,11).”
Result
Nondipping Blood Pressure Patterns among Individuals with Essential Hypertension: A Review of the Literature
Routledge, F. S., & McFetridge-Durdle, J. (2007) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2006.05.001 · Cited by 105
“[123] Cross-sectional 86 employed 24-h ABPM; hostility, anger, social desirability, social position scales ND>in AA pts 34 AA (15 ♂) (37.”
Depressed Mood and Flow-Mediated Dilation
Cooper, D. C., Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., Milic, M. S., Natarajan, L., Bardwell, W. A., Ziegler, M. G., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31821db79a · Cited by 105
“) evaluated articles for strength of evidence and reporting quality using a rating system adapted from other reviews (3,50), which assigned a priori values to parameters as detailed in Appendix 1.”
Depression- and anxiety-related sick leave and the risk of permanent disability and mortality in the working population in Germany: a cohort study
Wedegaertner, F., Arnhold-Kerri, S., Sittaro, N.-A., Bleich, S., Geyer, S., & Lee, W. E. (2013) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-145 · Cited by 105
“A large body of literature links depression with increased mortality [14-17].”
Background
Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety as predictors of suicidal ideation among South African university students
Bantjes, J. R., Kagee, A., McGowan, T. C., & Steel, H. R. (2016) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2016.1178120 · Cited by 105
Light therapy in the treatment of patients with bipolar depression: A meta-analytic study
Tseng, P.-T., Chen, Y.-W., Tu, K.-Y., Chung, W., Wang, H.-Y., Wu, C.-K., & Lin, P.-Y. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.03.001 · Cited by 100
“Bipolar disorder, depressive episode (BD-D) is a complicated psychiatric illness which can lead to high rates of morbidity and the risk of suicide (Wulsin et al., 1999), with a reported 30% increase in suicide attempts with about 20% of such attempts resulting in death (Chen and Dilsaver, 1996;…”
Background
Relationship between respiratory mortality and self-perceptions of aging
Levy, B. R., & Myers, L. M. (2005) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/14768320500066381 · Cited by 101
“Due to the fact that the OLSAR does not contain a measure for depression, and depression has been associated with cause-specific mortality (Kennedy & Fisher, 1987; Welin et al., 2000; Wulsin et al., 1999; Yusada et al., 2000), we included a measure for loneliness.”
Background
Effect of smoking and sedentary behavior on the association between depressive symptoms and mortality from coronary heart disease
Brummett, B. H., Babyak, M. A., Siegler, I. C., Mark, D. B., Williams, R. B., & Barefoot, J. C. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00719-7 · Cited by 99
Are Depressive Symptoms a Risk Factor for Mortality in Elderly Japanese American Men?: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study
Takeshita, J., Masaki, K., Ahmed, I., Foley, D. J., Li, Y. Q., Chen, R., Fujii, D. E. M., Ross, G. W., Petrovitch, H., & White, L. R. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.7.1127 · Cited by 99
Impact of pre‐transplant depression on outcomes of allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
El-Jawahri, A. R., Chen, Y., Brazauskas, R., He, N., Lee, S. J., Knight, J. M., Majhail, N. S., Buchbinder, D. K., Schears, R. M., Wirk, B. M., et al. (2017) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.30546 · Cited by 99
“001 Single 1070 (17) 167 (15) Married 4378 (69) 745 (67) Separated 78 (1) 21 (2) Divorced 480 (8) 129 (12) Widowed 113 (2) 24 (2) Missing 198 (3) 30 (3) Work status, n (%) <0.”
Influential
Revisão das diretrizes da Associação Médica Brasileira para o tratamento da depressão (Versão integral)
Fleck, M. P. D. A., Berlim, M. T., Lafer, B., Sougey, É. B., Porto, J. A. D., Brasil, M. A. A., Juruena, M. F., & Hetem, L. A. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462009000500003 · Cited by 101
Medical Illness, Past Depression, and Present Depression: A Predictive Triad for In-Hospital Mortality
Cavanaugh, S. V. A., Furlanetto, L. M., Creech, S., & Powell, L. H. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.1.43 · Cited by 98
Untreated depression and tuberculosis treatment outcomes, quality of life and disability, Ethiopia
Ambaw, F., Mayston, R., Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., & Alem, A. (2018) · Bulletin of the World Health Organization · doi:10.2471/blt.17.192658 · Cited by 98
Diretrizes da Associação Médica Brasileira para o tratamento da depressão (versão integral)
Fleck, M. P. D. A., Lafer, B., Sougey, É. B., Porto, J. A. D., Brasil, M. A. A., & Juruena, M. F. (2003) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462003000200013 · Cited by 97
Operationalizing Integrated Care on a Clinical Level: the INTERMED Project
Stiefel, F., Huyse, F. J., Söllner, W., Slaets, J. P. J., Lyons, J. S., Latour, C. H. M., van der Wal, N., & de Jonge, P. (2006) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2006.05.006 · Cited by 93
National patterns of medication treatment for depression, 1987 to 2001
Stafford, R. S., MacDonald, E. A., & Finkelstein, S. N. (2001) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v03n0611 · Cited by 94
Ceramides and depression: A systematic review
Dinoff, A., Herrmann, N., & Lanctôt, K. L. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.008 · Cited by 95
Depressive Symptoms and Mortality Risk in a National Sample: Confounding Effects of Health Status
Everson‐Rose, S. A., House, J. S., & Mero, R. P. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000145903.75432.1f · Cited by 93
“(19) reviewed the literature from 1966 through 1996 investigating the association between depression and mortality in different populations, including psychiatric patients, cardiac patients, medical inpatients, and community samples.”
Background
Antidepressant utilization in Canada
Beck, C. A., Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Wang, J., Currie, S. R., Maxwell, C. J., & el‐Guebaly, N. (2005) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-005-0968-0 · Cited by 92
“The high prevalence, functional impact, and contribution to premature mortality of major depression translate into an immense influence on population health [1].”
Background
Physical Health and Depression: A Dyadic Study of Chronic Health Conditions and Depressive Symptomatology in Older Adult Couples
Ayotte, B. J., Yang, F. M., & Jones, R. N. (2010) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq033 · Cited by 91
Depression, anxiety disorders, and metabolic syndrome in a population at risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kahl, K. G., Schweiger, U., Correll, C. U., Müller, C., Busch, M., Bauer, M., & Schwarz, P. E. H. (2015) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.306 · Cited by 97
“2004), and is established as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and overall mortality (Wulsin et al. 1999; Ferketich et al. 2000).”
BackgroundInfluential
What really matters in the social network–mortality association? A multivariate examination among older Jewish-Israelis
Litwin, H. (2007) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-007-0048-2 · Cited by 89
The Relationship Between Major Depression and Nonsuicide Mortality for U.S. Adults: The Importance of Health Behaviors
Onge, J. M. S., Krueger, P. M., & Rogers, R. G. (2014) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbu009 · Cited by 96
“Strengths and Limitations The strengths of this study include detailed measures of health behaviors, the use of a diagnostic screener specific to major depression, the analyses of a large nationally representative sample linked to prospective mortality with a longer follow-up than many clinical or community settings s…”
Method
Beliefs and attitudes towards mental illness: an examination of the sex differences in mental health literacy in a community sample
Gibbons, R. J., Thorsteinsson, E., & Loi, N. M. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1004 · Cited by 90
The Impact of Depressive Symptoms and Chronic Diseases on Active Life Expectancy in Older Americans
Reynolds, S. L., Haley, W. E., & Kozlenko, N. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31816ff32e · Cited by 90
Do Negative Emotions Mediate the Association between Socioeconomic Status and Health?
Gallo, L. C., & Matthews, K. A. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08118.x · Cited by 87
Associations between depression and all-cause and cause-specific risk of death: A retrospective cohort study in the Veterans Health Administration
Zivin, K., Yosef, M., Miller, E. M., Valenstein, M. M., Duffy, S. A., Kales, H. C., Vijan, S. S., & Kim, H. M. (2015) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.01.014 · Cited by 88
“Finally, meta-analyses have assessed the relationship between depression and mortality, but include heterogeneous measures of depression, confounders, and approaches to accounting for mortality [17,18].”
Background
Perinatal suicidal ideation and behaviour: psychiatry and adversity
Onah, M. N., Field, S., Bantjes, J. R., & Honikman, S. (2016) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-016-0706-5 · Cited by 95
Mediation Analysis in Psychosomatic Medicine Research
Lockhart, G., MacKinnon, D. P., & Ohlrich, V. (2011) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e318200a54b · Cited by 87
“…(137) Whiteman et al., 2000 complicated SEM model Path analysis (138) Wilson et al., 2005 personality3behavior patterns3mortality % reduction (139) Wulsin et al., 1999 depression3chronic physical illness/smoking/alcohol abuse/suicide and related accidents3early death (4 mediators) Various NK…”
Background
Causes of death among male veterans who received residential treatment for PTSD
Drescher, K. D., Rosen, C. S., Burling, T. A., & Foy, D. W. (2003) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1023/b:jots.0000004076.62793.79 · Cited by 87
“This is also consistent with other studies showing elevated mortality among psychiatric patients (Dawson, 2000; Felker et al., 1996; Kallan, 1998; Shaper, 1990; Wulsin et al., 1999 ).”
Result
Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depressive disorder: a comparison of two targets and long-term follow-up
Raymaekers, S., Luyten, L., Bervoets, C., Gabriëls, L., & Nuttin, B. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.66 · Cited by 82
Dissociation of inflammatory markers and natural killer cell activity in major depressive disorder
Pike, J. L., & Irwin, M. R. (2006) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2005.05.004 · Cited by 101
Gender differences in general and specialty outpatient mental health service use for depression
Gagné, S., Vasiliadis, H., & Préville, M. (2014) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-14-135 · Cited by 84
“Not only is this highly prevalent mental disorder associated with increased mental health service use and increased costs due to treatment and reduced productivity due to days lost from work [4-9] it is also associated with decreased quality of life and social functioning, and increased mortality, primarily from suici…”
Background
Definitions and Distinctions Among Depressive Syndromes and Symptoms: Implications for a Better Understanding of the Depression–Cardiovascular Disease Association
Davidson, K. W., Rieckmann, N., & Rapp, M. A. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000162257.19266.fc · Cited by 83
Depression and excess mortality: evidence for a dose response relation in community living elderly
Schoevers, R. A., Geerlings, M. I., Deeg, D. J. H., Holwerda, T. J., Jonker, C., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2008) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2088 · Cited by 81
Immunological Aetiology of Major Psychiatric Disorders
Sperner‐Unterweger, B. (2005) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200565110-00004 · Cited by 83
Psykiske lidelser i Norge : et folkehelseperspektiv
Mykletun, A., Knudsen, A. K., & Mathiesen, K. S. (2009) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives · Cited by 80
Association of Mental Disorders in Early Adulthood and Later Psychiatric Hospital Admissions and Mortality in a Cohort Study of More Than 1 Million Men
Galé, C. R., Batty, G. D., Osborn, D., Tynelius, P., Whitley, E., & Rasmussen, F. E. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2000 · Cited by 77
Depressive Symptoms Are Associated With Increased Systemic Vascular Resistance to Stress
Matthews, S. C., Nelesen, R. A., & Dimsdale, J. E. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160467.78373.d8 · Cited by 78
HIV, hepatitis C and HIV/hepatitis C virus co-infection in vulnerable populations
Backus, L. I., Boothroyd, D. B., & Deyton, L. (2005) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/01.aids.0000192065.09281.01 · Cited by 78
“is thus associated with shortened survival in general [13,14].”
Background
An Analysis of Reported Deaths Following Electroconvulsive Therapy in Texas, 1993-1998
Shiwach, R. S., Reid, W. H., & Carmody, T. J. (2001) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.8.1095 · Cited by 77
“The rate of death from cardiovascular disease and some other causes has been shown to be higher among persons who have severe depression whether or not they receive ECT (8).”
Background
Psychological Distress and Mortality: Are Women More Vulnerable?
Ferraro, K. F., & Nuriddin, T. A. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700303 · Cited by 76
Is depression a major risk factor for coronary disease? A systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence
Wulsin, L. R. (2004) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220490447191 · Cited by 74
Self-citation
Major Depression and Mental Health Care Utilization in Canada: 1994 to 2000
Patten, S. B., & Beck, C. A. (2004) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370404900505 · Cited by 75
Weight change and all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study
Nanri, A., Mizoue, T., Takahashi, Y., Noda, M., Inoue, M., & Tsugane, S. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.234 · Cited by 74
Depression and Immunity: Inflammation and Depressive Symptoms in Multiple Sclerosis
Gold, S. M., & Irwin, M. R. (2006) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2006.03.007 · Cited by 75
Process of Care and Outcome after Acute Myocardial Infarction for Patients with Mental Illness in the VA Health Care System: Are There Disparities?
Petersen, L. A., Normand, S. T., Druss, B. G., & Rosenheck, R. A. (2003) · Health Services Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6773.00104 · Cited by 73
“In contrast to other studies of those with mental illness, which have reported significantly higher mortality (Druss, Bradford et al. 2001; Frasure-Smith 1991; Frasure-Smith, Lesperance, and Talajic 1993; Felker, Yazel, and Short 1996; Black 1998; Tsuang, Perkins, and Simpson 1983; Penninx et al. 1999; Wulsin, Vaillan…”
BackgroundResult
Depression and survival of glioma patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Shi, C., Lamba, N., Zheng, L., Coté, D. J., Regestein, Q. R., Liu, C. M., Tran, Q., Routh, S., Smith, T. R., Mekary, R. A., et al. (2018) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.06.016 · Cited by 74
“Additionally, depressed individuals may be less likely to seek proper medical treatment, less adherent to traditional treatment regimens [3], more prone to suicide [9], and more likely to engage in substance abuse and other high-risk behaviors [10].”
Association of Depressive Symptoms and Heart Rate Variability in Vietnam War–Era Twins
Huang, M., Shah, A. J., Su, S., Goldberg, J. H., Lampert, R. J., Levantsevych, O. M., Shallenberger, L. H., Pimple, P. M., Bremner, J. D., & Vaccarino, V. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0747 · Cited by 76
“High-density lipoprotein, mg/dL 39 (10) 39 (8)”
Is excess mortality higher in depressed men than in depressed women? A meta-analytic comparison
Cuijpers, P., Vogelzangs, N., Twisk, J., Kleiboer, A., Li, J., & Penninx, B. W. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.03.003 · Cited by 71
“, 2013), and has been observed in all kinds of patients and healthy populations including community samples (Cuijpers and Smit, 2002; Saz and Dewey, 2001; Wulsin et al., 1999), heart disease patients (Barth et al.”
Background
Effect of comorbid alcohol and drug use disorders on premature death among unipolar and bipolar disorder decedents in the United States, 1999 to 2006
Yoon, Y., Chen, C. M., Yi, H., & Moss, H. B. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.005 · Cited by 71
“Empirical evidence has shown that people with mood disorders and/or SUDs experience excess mortality [12-19].”
Background
Variability Modifies Life Satisfaction’s Association With Mortality Risk in Older Adults
Boehm, J. K., Winning, A., Segerstrom, S. C., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2015) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797615581491 · Cited by 71
Mortality in people with depressive, anxiety and alcohol use disorders in Finland
Markkula, N., Härkänen, T., Perälä, J., Partti, K., Peña, S., Koskinen, S. V. P., Lönnqvist, J. K., Suvisaari, J., & Saarni, S. I. (2011) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.094904 · Cited by 72
“3,4,25,26 For instance, a large register-based study in Denmark showed high standardised mortality ratios for all 11 categories of mental disorders that were investigated.”
Factors associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression in five cohorts of community-based older people: the HALCyon (Healthy Ageing across the Life Course) Programme
Galé, C. R., Sayer, A. A., Cooper, C. C., Dennison, E. M., Starr, J. M., Whalley, L. J., Gallacher, J., Ben‐Shlomo, Y., Kuh, D. J., Hardy, R., et al. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000195 · Cited by 74
“2009) add to the evidence that depression or anxiety may be risk factors for subsequent disease (Wulsin et al. 1999 ; Brenes et al. 2007).”
Psychosocial influences on 305 adults' survival after bone marrow transplantation; depression, smoking, and behavioral self-regulation.
Hoodin, F., Kalbfleisch, K. R., Thornton, J. A., & Ratanatharathorn, V. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00599-3 · Cited by 69
“Our finding that higher pre-BMT depression was associated with shorter survival contradicts the majority of BMT [11,12,16–18] and cancer survival studies [41,42] to date.”
Result
Impact of Psychological Distress on Quality of Life, Functional Status, and Survival in Patients with Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease
El-Jawahri, A. R., Pidala, J., Khera, N., Wood, W. A., Arora, M., Carpenter, P. A., Palmer, J. M., Flowers, M. E. D., Jagasia, M., Chen, Y., et al. (2018) · Transplantation and Cellular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.bbmt.2018.07.020 · Cited by 68
The Canmat Task Force Recommendations for the Management of Patients with Mood Disorders and Comorbid Medical Conditions: Diagnostic, Assessment, and Treatment Principles
Ramasubbu, R., Beaulieu, S., Taylor, V. H., Schaffer, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2012) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371202400109 · Cited by 69
Immigrant Suicide Rates as a Function of Ethnophaulisms: Hate Speech Predicts Death
Mullen, B., & Smyth, J. M. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-200405000-00009 · Cited by 71
Has ‘lifetime prevalence’ reached the end of its life? An examination of the concept
Streiner, D. L., Patten, S. B., Anthony, J. C., & Cairney, J. (2009) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.296 · Cited by 69
“A meta-analysis of studies examining the impact of depressive disorders on all-cause mortality led to an estimated RR of 1.8 (Wulsin et al., 1999).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metabolic syndrome is associated with self-perceived depression
Miettola, J., NISKANEN, L. K., Viinamäki, H. T., & Kumpusalo, E. A. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1080/02813430802117624 · Cited by 69
“Depression is a chronic and recurrent disorder that causes disability [1], morbidity [2,3], and increased mortality [4].”
Background
Depression in End‐Stage Renal Disease: Current Advances and Research
Chilcot, J., Wellsted, D. M., & Farrington, K. (2009) · Seminars in Dialysis · doi:10.1111/j.1525-139x.2009.00628.x · Cited by 68
Depression and mortality in a high-risk population
Abas, M., Hotopf, M. H., & Prince, M. J. (2002) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.181.2.123 · Cited by 68
Race, Depressive Symptoms, and All-Cause Mortality in the United States
Assari, S., Zadeh, E. M., Lankarani, M. M., & Micol-Foster, V. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00040 · Cited by 67
“Covariates included baseline SES (education and income), SRH, CMC, and BMI all measured at 1986.”
BackgroundInfluential
Major Depression and its Association with Long-Term Medical Conditions
Gagnon, L. M., & Patten, S. B. (2002) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370204700204 · Cited by 65
A Study of Antihypertensive Drugs and Depressive Symptoms (SADD-Sx) in Patients Treated With a Calcium Antagonist Versus an Atenolol Hypertension Treatment Strategy in the International Verapamil SR-Trandolapril Study (INVEST)
Ried, L. D., Tueth, M. J., Handberg, E., Kupfer, S., & Pepine, C. J. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000160468.69451.7f · Cited by 63
The Impact of Depression on Driver Performance
Wickens, C. M., Smart, R. G., & Mann, R. E. (2014) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9487-0 · Cited by 63
“An increasing body of research confirms that individuals experiencing depression are at risk for premature mortality (Wulsin et al. 1999; Wyman et al. 2012).”
Background
Effects of explicit and implicit perseverative cognition on cardiac recovery after cognitive stress
Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J. F., de Beurs, D. P., & Thayer, J. F. (2009) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2009.09.003 · Cited by 62
“As high HRV levels are cardioprotective, these speculations may also offer an explanation for the findings that women suffering from (sub-clinical) depression are at reduced risk for cardiovascular health problems when compared with men (Hybels, Pieper, & Blazer, 2002; Wulsin et al., 1999).”
Background
The efficacy of religious service attendance in reducing depressive symptoms
Zou, J., Huang, Y., Maldonado, L., Kasen, S., Cohen, P. R., & Chen, H. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0785-9 · Cited by 64
“Major depression, in particular, has a considerable impact on population health due to its high prevalence in the population resulting in poor quality of life in those affected [22–24].”
Background
Targeting the Adaptive Immune System in Depression: Focus on T Helper 17 Cells
Beurel, E., Medina-Rodriguez, E. M., & Jope, R. S. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000256 · Cited by 60
“The effectiveness of the immune activity in depression is reduced and has been associated with increased mortality (Wulsin et al., 1999).”
Background
Prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms in HIV-positive patients: a cross-sectional study among newly diagnosed patients in Yaoundé, Cameroon
L’akoa, R. M., Noubiap, J. J., Fang, Y., Ntone, F. E., & Kuaban, C. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-228 · Cited by 62
Major psychiatric disorders in suicide and suicide attempters
Lönnqvist, J. K. (2009) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0038 · Cited by 61
The longitudinal relationship between mental health disorders and chronic disease for older adults: a population‐based study
Chen, C., Lee, I., Su, Y., Mullan, J., & Chiu, H. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4561 · Cited by 62
“, 2003), and that the more serious the chronic disease(s) the more serious the mental health disorders (Wulsin et al., 1999).”
Background
Deep brain stimulation for major depression
Schlaepfer, T. E., & Bewernick, B. H. (2013) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53497-2.00018-8 · Cited by 62
“TRD is associated with a 15% risk of suicide of (Isometsa et al., 1994; Wulsin et al., 1999).”
Background
Understanding Depressive Symptoms Among Community-Dwelling Chinese Older Adults in the Greater Chicago Area
Dong, X., Chen, R., Li, C., & Simon, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264314527611 · Cited by 61
Depressive Symptoms and Cardiovascular Mortality in Older Black and White Adults
Lewis, T. T., Guo, H., Lunos, S. A., de Leon, C. F. M., Skarupski, K. A., Evans, D. A., & Everson‐Rose, S. A. (2011) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.110.957548 · Cited by 61
“tion use, (2) CVD medication use with -blockers, and (3) CVD medication use without -blockers.”
Method
Psychotic (delusional) depression and completed suicide: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gournellis, R. J., Tournikioti, K., Touloumi, G., Thomadakis, C., Michalopoulou, P. G., Michopoulos, I., Christodoulou, C., Παπαδοπούλου, Α., & Douzenis, A. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0207-1 · Cited by 61
Ratings of positive and depressive emotion as predictors of mortality in coronary patients
Brummett, B. H., Boyle, S. H., Siegler, I. C., Williams, R. B., Mark, D. B., & Barefoot, J. C. (2005) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.06.016 · Cited by 60
“For example, recent research has shown that symptoms of depression predict decreased survival in coronary artery disease patients [5–7].”
Result
Examining the association between family status and depression in the UK Biobank
Giannelis, A., Palmos, A., Hagenaars, S. P., Breen, G. D., Lewis, C. M., & Mutz, J. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.017 · Cited by 63
Depression Predicts Mortality in the Young Old, but Not in the Oldest Old: Results From the Berlin Aging Study
Rapp, M. A., Gerstorf, D., Helmchen, H., & Smith, J. (2008) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31818254eb · Cited by 62
Relevance of Imidazoline Receptors and Agmatine to Psychiatry: A Decade of Progress
Halaris, A. E., & Piletz, J. E. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1304.001 · Cited by 56
Is the association between depression and blunted cardiovascular stress reactions mediated by perceptions of stress?
Brindle, R. C., Ginty, A. T., & Conklin, S. M. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.06.003 · Cited by 63
Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of Antidepressants in Primary Care: A Multiple Treatment Comparison Meta-Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Model
Ramsberg, J., Asseburg, C., & Henriksson, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042003 · Cited by 57
“systematic reviews have shown that for patients in primary care the risk may be 2–6% or lower [26,27].”
Background

Authors: Wulsin, L. R., Vaillant, G. E., & Wells, V. E.
Affiliations: University of Cincinnati (US)
Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
ORCID: Wulsin, Lawson R.
Venue: Psychosomatic Medicine
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1999
Volume: 61
Issue: 1
Pages: 6-17
ISSN: 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/00006842-199901000-00003
OpenAlex: W2057242026
Cited by: 703
References: 73
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 31
FWCI: 5.14
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: depression, mortality, suicide, cardiovascular disease, cancer mortality, mediators, psychiatric patients, community population, sex differences, risk factors
MeSH terms: Adult, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A Systematic Review of the Mortality of Depression

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks