The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Formula Method for Stimulus Setting in Bilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy: Relevance of Age
Abstract
Seizure thresholds were determined by titration in consecutive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) patients at the first (n = 146) and sixth (N = 83) ECT sessions. Equations to predict the threshold at the first and sixth ECT were computed from these data using a stepwise linear regression model. These equations were tested prospectively at the first ECT (n = 48) and sixth ECT (n = 26) sessions. Stimulus dose derived from the corresponding equations yielded adequate seizure (successful) in 82% and 84% of patients, respectively. Predictions based on age alone (disregarding two other significant variables--illness severity and inion-nasion distance) were estimated at these two ECT sessions. This would not appreciably compromise the success rate. The "formula" method using age alone may therefore be used in routine clinical practice.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Formula-based ECT dose estimation methods are based on patient age and sex.
“Formula-based methods: Based on the age and sex of the patient, different formulae are derived.”
From Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Determinants of Seizure Threshold in ECT: Benzodiazepine Use, Anesthetic Dosage, and Other Factors
Boylan, L. S., Haskett, R. F., Mulsant, B. H., Greenberg, R. M., Prudic, J., Spicknall, K. E., Lisanby, S. H., & Sackeïm, H. A. (2000) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200003000-00002 · Cited by 123
Sackeïm, H. A. (2004) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.cnr.2004.06.013 · Cited by 98
Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Thirthalli, J., Sinha, P., & Sreeraj, V. S. (2023) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_491_22 · Cited by 74
“Dose estimation methods: [26,27] 1.”
Recent Advances in Optimizing Electroconvulsive Therapy
Loo, C. K. A., Schweitzer, I., & Pratt, C. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01862.x · Cited by 55
Transcranial magnetic stimulation induces ‘pseudoabsence seizure’
Conca, A., König, P., & Hausmann, A. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.101003246.x · Cited by 43
“The risk of seizure induction is related to the combination of various rTMS-parameters (magnetic intensity, pulse frequency, train duration and intertrain interval) which contribute to the spreading of neuronal excitation (2, 3).”
BackgroundShapira, B., Tubi, N., & Lerer, B. (2000) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200006000-00002 · Cited by 37
“…as to the most appropriate method for establishing the stimulus intensity required by the individual patient, “titration” or formula-based stimulus dosing being the major approaches, the principle is widely accepted and applied (Fink, 1997; Weiner, 1997; Sackeim, 1997; Gangadhar et al., 1998).”
MethodOnce vs. three times weekly ECT in melancholia: a randomized controlled trial
Janakiramaiah, N., Motreja, S., Gangadhar, B. N., et al. (1998) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1998.tb10090.x · Cited by 35
Self-citationYasuda, K., KOBAYASHI, K., Yamaguchi, M., Tanaka, K., Fujii, T., Kitahara, Y., Tamaoki, T., Matsushita, Y., Nunomura, A., & Motohashi, N. (2014) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12225 · Cited by 33
Motor seizure monitoring during electroconvulsive therapy
Mayur, P. M., Gangadhar, B. N., Janakiramaiah, N., et al. (1999) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.174.3.270 · Cited by 33
Self-citationSeizure threshold rise during electroconvulsive therapy in schizophrenic patients
Chanpattana, W., Buppanharun, W., Raksakietisak, S., et al. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00186-4 · Cited by 20
Nitturkar, A., Sinha, P., Bagewadi, V. I., & Thirthalli, J. (2016) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.183792 · Cited by 16
“Age of the patient emerged as a predictor of initial ST. ROC analysis suggested that a cut‑off of 45 years had fairly high specificity of 95.3.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSeizure Threshold Estimation by Formula Method: A Prospective Study in Unilateral ECT
Girish, K., Mayur, P. M., Saravanan, E. S. M., et al. (2000) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200009000-00006 · Cited by 13
“Head measurements (McCall et al., 1993; Gangadhar et al., 1998), diagnosis (Mukherjee et al., 1994), and concurrent drug status did not emerge as significant predictors.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEEG Seizure in Bilateral ECT is Different between Low and High Stimulus Doses
Motreja, S., Janakiramaiah, N., Gangadhar, B. N., et al. (1998) · Clinical Electroencephalography · doi:10.1177/155005949802900414 · Cited by 9
Self-citationRecent advances in optimizing electroconvulsive therapy
Loo, C. K. A., Schweitzer, I., & Pratt, C. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01862.x · Cited by 9
Initial Seizure Threshold of Bilateral Electroconvulsive Therapy in Chinese
Chung, K. F., & Wong, S. J. (2001) · Journal of Ect · doi:10.1097/00124509-200112000-00004 · Cited by 6
“Nevertheless, the mean seizure threshold of our sample is comparable with the values obtained in American (4– 6,11), Scottish (12), Indian (13), and Thai (14) patients with bilateral ECT.”
MethodResultClinical predictors of seizure threshold in bilateral ect.
Girish, K., Prasad, K., Gangadhar, B. N., et al. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Self-citationSinha, P., Shyamsundar, A., Thirthalli, J., Gangadhar, B. N., & Candade, V. S. (2016) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/0019-5545.174362 · Cited by 4
“This could produce the adequate seizure in 82% and 84% of patients, respectively.[13,14] The computerized version of stimulus setting allows use of this regression equation with ease.”
MethodSelf-citationCaracterísticas del estímulo en terapia electroconvulsiva. Una revisión pragmática
Sanz-Fuentenebro, F. J. (2016) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2016.06.003 · Cited by 3
Stimulus characteristics in electroconvulsive therapy. A pragmatic review
Sanz-Fuentenebro, F. J. (2018) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2018.02.002 · Cited by 2
McCall, W. V. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576393.029 · Cited by 4
Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents
Walter, G., Loo, C. K. A., & Rey, J. M. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511576393.033
Advances in the Application of Electroconvulsive Therapy
D’Agati, D., & Reti, I. M. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0074-5
Козловский, В. Л., Kosterin, D. N., Lepik, O. V., et al. (2023) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2023-21-39-43
Electroconvulsive therapy research in India: A scoping review
Pathak, H., Baliga, S. P., Shibu, A., & Thirthalli, J. (2026) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/indianjpsychiatry_1264_25
Metadata
- Authors
- Gangadhar, B. N., Girish, K., Janakiramiah, N., Subbakrishna, D. K., Parameshwara, G., & Prasad, K. M. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (IN)
- Venue
- The Journal of ECT
- Published
- 1998-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 259???265
- ISSN
- 1095-0680 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2033765296
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ect (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Keywords
- seizure threshold, disease severity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Electric Stimulation, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Mathematical Computing, Middle Aged, Seizures, Linear Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
