Cited by 498Gestational Diabetes Research and ManagementPregnancy and preeclampsia studiesMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

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Gestational Weight Gain and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Women: How Much Is Enough?

Kiel, Deborah W., Dodson, Elizabeth A., Artal, Raul, Boehmer, Tegan K., Leet, Terry L.·2007·Obstetrics & Gynecology

DOI 10.1097/01.aog.0000278819.17190.87

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of gestational weight change on pregnancy outcomes in obese women. METHODS: A population-based cohort study of 120,251 pregnant, obese women delivering full-term, liveborn, singleton infants was examined to assess the risk of four pregnancy outcomes (preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, small for gestational age births, and large for gestational age births) by obesity class and total gestational weight gain. RESULTS: Gestational weight gain incidence for overweight or obese pregnant women, less than the currently recommended 15 lb, was associated with a significantly lower risk of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and large for gestational age birth and higher risk of small for gestational age birth. These results were similar for each National Institutes of Health obesity class (30-34.9, 35-35.9, and 40.0 kg/m(2)), but at different amounts of gestational weight gain. CONCLUSION: Limited or no weight gain in obese pregnant women has favorable pregnancy outcomes.

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BackgroundResult
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in obese women who lose weight during pregnancy
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Background
The Influence of Objectively Measured Physical Activity During Pregnancy on Maternal and Birth Outcomes in Urban Black South African Women
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Background
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“” In fact, recent studies have raised the possibility that among obese women, the optimal weight change during pregnancy to minimize adverse outcomes at birth may be weight loss.(9,10)”
Background
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Yee, L. M., Cheng, Y. W., Inturrisi, M., & Caughey, A. B. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20490 · Cited by 27
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BackgroundInfluential
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“Several studies have demonstrated significant maternal health benefits for obese pregnant women who gain less than 5 kg, or even lose weight, during gestation [110,111].”
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“[8], who classified obese pregnant women into three groups (Class I: BMI 30–35 kg/m2, Class II: BMI 35–40 kg/m2, and Class III: BMI ≥40 kg/m2), reported that the risk of a SGA birth was lower in Class II/III obese women with weight gain of <15 lb.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Is fasting plasma glucose in early pregnancy a better predictor of adverse obstetric outcomes than glycated haemoglobin?
Mañé, L., Roux, J. A. F., Pedro‐Botet, J., Gortazar, L., Chillarón, J. J., Llauradó, G., Payà, A., & Benaiges, D. (2019) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2018.12.036 · Cited by 19
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Gestational diabetes: paradigm lost?
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Early Second Trimester Weight Gain in Obese Women Predicts Excessive Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnancy
Overcash, R. T., Hull, A., Moore, T. R., & LaCoursiere, D. Y. (2015) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-015-1760-8 · Cited by 19
“Studies have shown both zero weight gain and weight loss are associated with decreased rates of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, large for gestational age infants, operative vaginal deliveries, and admission to neonatal intensive care units [24, 25].”
Background
Evaluating Engagement in a Digital and Dietetic Intervention Promoting Healthy Weight Gain in Pregnancy: Mixed Methods Study
Willcox, J. C., Chai, D., Beilin, L. J., Prescott, S. L., Silva, D. T., Neppe, C., & Huang, R. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17845 · Cited by 18
“For example, excess GWG increases the risk of antenatal hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes, and atypical delivery outcomes [2,4-8], along with maternal, infant, and later life overweight or obesity [4,6].”
Background
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“We also did not control for GWG, which has been suggested to both be a risk factor for pregnancy complications [27] and to interact with pre-gravid obesity to worsen (excessive GWG) or moderate (limited GWG) the negative effect of pre-pregnancy obesity on pregnancy outcomes [27, 28].”
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Insulin Resistance in Pregnancy: Implications for Mother and Offspring
Hernandez, T. L., Friedman, J. E., & Barbour, L. A. (2019) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25057-7_5 · Cited by 19
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“Thus, the importance of weight gain control in pregnant woman that are obese could positively alter pregnancy outcomes [38].”
Background
Weight Loss After Diagnosis with Gestational Diabetes and Birth Weight Among Overweight and Obese Women
Katon, J. G., Reiber, G. E., Williams, M. A., Yanez, D., & Miller, E. (2012) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-012-1044-5 · Cited by 17
“In the United States an increasing number of women of reproductive age are obese [1] and recent findings indicate that women in obese classes II and III may have different gestational weight gain requirements compared to class I women, and may benefit from modest gestational weight loss [4, 9, 28].”
Weight gain in pregnancy: is less truly more for mother and infant?
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Weight gain restriction during pregnancy is safe for both the mother and neonate
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“(5) showed that the degree of gestational weight gain associated with minimal risk for preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, large-for-gestational age (LGA), or small-for-gestational age (SGA) births collectively was different for each maternal obesity class.”
Background
A preliminary study on the pattern of weight change from pregnancy to 6 months postpartum: a latent growth model approach
Lee, C.-F., Hwang, F.-M., Liou, Y.-M., & Chien, L.-Y. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.225 · Cited by 17
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How should women be advised on weight management in pregnancy?
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Classifying Gestational Weight Gain Trajectories Using the SITAR Growth Model
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“Notwithstanding that these recommendations may be contentious in women with severe obesity [18,19], our choice was guided by the fact our perspective was more explanatory than pragmatic.”
Background
Impact of maternal weight on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review
Ayensu, J., Annan, R. A., Edusei, A. K., & Badu, E. (2016) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-11-2015-0146 · Cited by 14
A single gestational weight gain recommendation is possible for all classes of pregnant women with obesity
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Associations Between Maternal Body Mass Index, Gestational Weight Gain, Maternal Complications, and Birth Outcome in Singleton, Term Births in a Largely Non-Hispanic White, Rural Population
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“14,27 Our ﬁndings support this suggestion, as the proportion of LGA babies born to women in obesity classes II and III who gained within IOM recommendations was 15.8% and 18.9%, respectively, both of which were greater than the proportion for all other women with GWG above recommendations (Table 3).”
Influential
The Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth according to Maternal Pre-pregnancy Body Mass Index in Twin Gestations
Sung, S. J., Lee, S. M., Kim, S., Kim, B. J., Park, C., Park, J. S., & Jun, J. K. (2018) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e103 · Cited by 13
Advanced maternal age impacts physiologic adaptations to pregnancy in vervet monkeys
Plant, M., Armstrong, C., Ruggiero, A. D., Sherrill, C., Uberseder, B., Jeffries, R., Nevarez, J., Jorgensen, M. J., Kavanagh, K., & Quinn, M. A. (2020) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-020-00219-8 · Cited by 13
“Weight gain during pregnancy has been shown to be a better predictor for adverse cardiovascular events during pregnancy rather than final body weight (Cedergren 2006; DeVader et al. 2007; Kiel et al. 2007; Barton et al. 2015; Crane et al. 2009; Fortner et al. 2009).”
Background
Exercise interventions for weight management during pregnancy and up to 1 year postpartum among normal weight women and women with overweight and obesity: An updated systematic review
Hanley, S. J., Sibbick, E., Varley, I., Sale, C., & Elliott-Sale, K. J. (2022) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.597 · Cited by 11
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Weight Gain during Pregnancy: Importance for Maternal and Child Health
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Ganancia de peso durante el embarazo: Su importancia para el estado de salud materno-infantil
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Sociodemographic and health characteristics associated with attempting weight loss during pregnancy.
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Informing the Patient and the Community About the Implications of Primary Cesarean
Brown, H. L. (2012) · Seminars in Perinatology · doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2012.04.028 · Cited by 12
High Birth Weight and Cognitive Outcomes
Cesur, R., & Rashad, I. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14524 · Cited by 12
The UK Pregnancies Better Eating and Activity Trial (UPBEAT); Pregnancy Outcomes and Health Behaviours by Obesity Class
Peacock, L. R., Seed, P. T., Dalrymple, K. V., White, S. L., Poston, L., & Flynn, A. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17134712 · Cited by 11
“Weight gain below the NAM recommendations has been shown to be associated with an increased incidence of small for gestational age (SGA) infants, and although this risk is smaller in those with a BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 [10], large-scale studies suggest the association remains for obesity classes I, II and III [11].”
Background
Epidemiological evidence that severe obese women (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥40 kg/m 2 ) should lose weight during their pregnancy
Robillard, P. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1918666 · Cited by 11
Gestational weight gain and long-term postpartum weight retention
Berezowsky, A., & Berger, H. M. (2021) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.31083/j.ceog.2021.03.2413 · Cited by 12
Associations of Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain with Term Pregnancy Outcomes
Barišić, T., Mandić, V., & Barac, I. (2017) · Materia Socio Medica · doi:10.5455/msm.2017.29.52-57 · Cited by 13
“It has been estimated that compared to women with a normal BMI, the risk of pregnancy diabetes is 2 and 4 times higher in overweight and obese women, respectively (18-25, 31, 32).”
BackgroundResult
The Institute of Medicine Guidelines for Gestational Weight Gain after a Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcomes
Tita, A., Biggio, J., & Harper, L. (2014) · American Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1055/s-0034-1383846 · Cited by 58
Gestational weight gain in women with pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity and anthropometry of infants at birth
Mogensen, C. S., Zingenberg, H., Svare, J., Astrup, A. V., Magkos, F., & Geiker, N. R. W. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1142920 · Cited by 11
Perinatal outcomes associated with prepregnancy body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy
Choi, H. M. (2010) · Korean Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.5468/kjog.2010.53.11.981 · Cited by 10
“도와 제왕절개술의 빈도는 확실하게 차이를 보였는데 이는 다른 보고들과도 일치하는 결과이다.(3,12,19) 임신부의 임신 전 신장, 체중, 인종, 연령, 출산력, 흡연”
The effect of maternal and post-weaning low and high glycaemic index diets on glucose tolerance, fat deposition and hepatic function in rat offspring
Gugusheff, J., Sim, P., Kheng, A., Gentili, S., Al-Nussairawi, M., Brand-Miller, J. C., & Mühlhäusler, B. S. (2015) · Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease · doi:10.1017/s2040174415007965 · Cited by 10
Efficacious lifestyle interventions for appropriate gestational weight gain in women with overweight or obesity set in the health care system: a scoping review
Barroso, C. S., Yockey, R. A., Degon, E., Poudel, P. G., Brown, S. D., Hedderson, M. M., Moreno-Hunt, C., & Ehrlich, S. F. (2021) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1080/14767058.2021.1914576 · Cited by 12
Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperglycemia in Pregnancy
Inturrisi, M., Lintner, N. C., & Sorem, K. A. (2011) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2011.09.002 · Cited by 10
Birthweight and pregnancy outcomes in obese class II women with low weight gain: A retrospective study
Roussel, E., Touleimat, S., Ollivier, L., & Verspyck, É. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215833 · Cited by 11
Gestational weight gain and mode of delivery by the class of obesity: A meta‐analysis
Su, L., Zhang, Y., Chen, C., Lü, L., Sutton, D. M., D’Alton, M. E., & He, K. (2022) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13509 · Cited by 10
“Pooling results from three primary studies (includes one study that used 99% CI), the investigators reported that gaining weight less than 5 kg is associated with decreased risk of CS in obesity class I and class III.24 Another systematic review suggested that weight gain higher than the 2009 IOM recommendations was l…”
Influential
Prevention of excessive gestational weight gain: an evidence review to inform policy and practice
Hector, D., & Hebden, L. (2013) · The Sydney eScholarship Repository (The University of Sydney) · Cited by 10
Diabetes in Pregnancy
Dornhorst, A., & Banerjee, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444324808.ch53 · Cited by 10
Associations among gestational weight gain, physical activity, and pre-pregnancy body size with varying estimates of pre-pregnancy weight
Schlaff, R. A., Holzman, C., Maier, K. S., Pfeiffer, K. A., & Pivarnik, J. M. (2014) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2014.03.014 · Cited by 9
“Furthermore, recent findings indicate that obese women may optimise positive maternal and offspring health outcomes with even less GWG than what is currently recommended (Kiel et al., 2007; Claesson et al., 2009; Artal et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluential
Determining optimal gestational weight gain (GWG) in a northwest Chinese population
Bai, Y., Li, L., Wang, B., Qiu, J., Ren, Y., He, X., Li, Y., Jia, Y., He, C., Cui, H., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026080 · Cited by 9
Gestationsdiabetes mellitus (GDM) Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zu Diagnostik, Therapie u. Nachsorge der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft (DDG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gynäkologie und Geburtshilfe (DGGG)
Kellerer, M., Schäfer-Graf, U. M., & Neonatologie, K. F. (2016) · Cited by 9
Combined Influence of Gestational Diabetes and Gestational Weight Gain on Exclusive Breastfeeding
Haile, Z. T., Chertok, I. R. A., Chavan, B. B., Teweldeberhan, A. K., & Stocum, R. D. (2019) · Breastfeeding Medicine · doi:10.1089/bfm.2018.0204 · Cited by 9
Association between prepregnancy body mass index, gestational weight gain, and perinatal outcomes
Gümüş, İ. İ., Karakurt, F., Kargılı, A., Turhan, N. Ö., & Uyar, M. E. (2010) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-0808-35 · Cited by 9
Gender Obesity Report – Einfluss von Adipositas auf Reproduktion und Schwangerschaft
Harreiter, J., & Kautzky‐Willer, A. (2015) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-015-0410-5 · Cited by 9
Why Pregnancy Weight Gain Guidelines Need to Differ for Multiple Versus Single Pregnancies
Gandhi, M. (2020) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00310-8 · Cited by 8
Management of Obesity in Pregnancy
Barkoukis, H. D. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90988-2_10 · Cited by 8
Women with a predisposition for diabetes have an increased risk of pregnancy complications, especially in combination with pregestational overweight
Moll, U., Olsson, H. L., & Landin‐Olsson, M. (2020) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-020-2741-5 · Cited by 8
“A low pregnancy weight gain among obese women can reduce an otherwise high risk for caesarean section [31].”
Background
Gut microbiome profiles in Thai healthy pregnant women and its association with types of foods
Phoonlapdacha, P., Tangshewinsirikul, C., Phosuwattanakul, J., Kittisakmontri, K., Nitisinprasert, S., Nakayama, J., Prombutara, P., Suthutvoravut, U., & Chongviriyaphan, N. (2022) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-022-04397-5 · Cited by 8
“In overweight or obese pregnant women, a healthy gestational weight gain is associated with a significantly lower risk of preeclampsia, cesarean delivery, and large for gestational age birth [32].”
Background
Postpartum Hemorrhage
Decesare, J. Z. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316662571.029 · Cited by 8
Antenatal interventions for reducing weight in obese women for improving pregnancy outcome
Furber, C., McGowan, L., Bower, P., Kontopantelis, E., Quenby, S. M., & Lavender, T. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009334 · Cited by 8
Gestational weight gain: Toward best practices in managing gestational weight gain in patients with obesity: Comparison of recommendations
Grandfils, S., Durand, P., Hoge, A., Seidel, L., Emonts, P., Paquot, N., & Philips, J. (2024) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2024.05.009 · Cited by 7
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the importance of pre-pregnancy maternal health on the risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy
Rodriguez‐Caro, H., Frost, A. L., Ohuma, E. O., Redman, C. W. G., Roberts, N. W., Otieno, G. P., Leeson, P., Granne, I., & Aye, C. Y. L. (2025) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2025.101243 · Cited by 9
Nutritional Management During Pregnancy
Hark, L. A., & Catalano, P. M. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1935-2.00007-7 · Cited by 7
Variants in BMI‐Associated Genes and Adrenergic Genes are not Associated with Gestational Weight Trajectory
Kawai, V. K., Nwosu, S., Kurnik, D., Harrell, F. E., & Stein, C. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22505 · Cited by 7
“Based on these observations, we tested the hypotheses that (1) a GRS that combines the effect of multiple genetic variants known to be associated with BMI is associated with gestational weight trajectory, and (2) common genetic variants in the adrenergic pathways affect gestational weight trajectory independent of the…”
BackgroundMethod
Pregnancy-specific Adaptations in Leptin and Melanocortin Neuropeptides in Early Human Gestation
Andrikopoulou, M., Panigrahi, S. K., Jaconia, G. D., Gyamfi‐Bannerman, C., Smiley, R. M., & Page‐Wilson, G. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab510 · Cited by 7
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gică, N., & Huluță, I. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002793 · Cited by 9

Authors: Kiel, D. W., Dodson, E. A., Artal, R., Boehmer, T. K., & Leet, T. L.
Affiliations: Saint Louis University (US)
ORCID: Boehmer, Tegan K.
Venue: Obstetrics & Gynecology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2007-10
Volume: 110
Issue: 4
Pages: 752-758
ISSN: 0029-7844 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/01.aog.0000278819.17190.87
OpenAlex: W2328935173
Cited by: 498
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 38.94
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Obstetrics and Gynecology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords: gestational weight gain, maternal obesity, pregnancy outcomes, preeclampsia, cesarean section, small for gestational age, large for gestational age, overweight in pregnancy, obesity class
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Birth Weight, Cesarean Section, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Missouri, Obesity, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Cohort Studies, Weight Gain

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Gestational Weight Gain and Pregnancy Outcomes in Obese Women: How Much Is Enough?

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