Iron and the athlete
Abstract
Iron is an important mineral necessary for many biologic pathways. Different levels of deficiency can occur in the athlete, resulting in symptoms that range from none to severe fatigue. Iron deficiency without anemia may adversely affect athletic performance. Causes of iron deficiency include poor intake, menstrual losses, gastrointestinal and genitourinary losses due to exercise-induced ischemia or organ movement, foot strike hemolysis, thermohemolysis, and sweat losses. A higher incidence of deficiency occurs in female athletes compared with males.
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Iron is required for the formation of oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) and mitochondrial enzymes, making it essential for oxygen transport and oxidative energy production.
“Iron is required for the formation of the oxygen-carrying proteins (hemoglobin and myoglobin) and mitochondrial enzymes, making it an essential component of oxygen transport and oxidative energy production [240].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [240]
Iron deficiency in athletes is caused by a combination of inadequate dietary iron intake from vegetarian or low energy diets, menstrual blood loss, or exercise-induced iron loss via sweating, hemolysis, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
“Iron deficiency in athletes is caused by a combination of inadequate dietary iron intake from vegetarian or low energy diets, menstrual blood loss, or exercise-induced iron loss via sweating, hemolysis, and gastrointestinal bleeding [240,251].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [240]
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References 28 · Cited by 67
- Authors
- Suedekum, N. A., & Dimeff, R. J.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Suedekum, Natalie A.
- Venue
- Current Sports Medicine Reports
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 199-202
- ISSN
- 1537-890X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2041377421
- Cited by
- 67
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Sports Medicine Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- iron deficiency, athletes, iron deficiency without anemia, athletic performance, fatigue, menstrual blood loss, female athletes, iron intake
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Sports, Sports Medicine, Anemia, Iron-Deficiency, Iron, Dietary, Dietary Supplements
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