Relationship of smoking and smoking cessation with ankle-to-arm blood pressure index in elderly Japanese men
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of peripheral arterial disease, but the relationship between smoking cessation and preclinical peripheral atherosclerosis is uncertain. DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional, population-based study to examine the effect of smoking and smoking cessation on the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease among 1215 men aged 60-79 years in two Japanese communities in 1999-2000. The ankle-to-arm systolic blood pressure index (AAI) was used as an estimate of the presence of peripheral atherosclerosis. RESULTS: The mean AAI correlated inversely and linearly with smoking status and pack-years of smoking. The multivariate prevalence odds ratio [95% confidence interval (CI)] of low AAI (< 0.90) compared with never-smokers was 3.7 (95% CI 1.1-12.7) for current smokers and 4.2 (95% CI 1.2-14.6) for men with 45 or more pack-years of smoking. In men who have quit smoking for 20 years or more, the mean AAI was higher and the prevalence of low AAI (< 0.90) was lower than those of current smokers, but similar to those of never-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that current smoking and pack-years of smoking correlate with the presence of peripheral artery disease. The results suggest that smoking cessation for 20 years or more is associated with the regression of atherosclerosis in peripheral arteries. This finding needs to be confirmed by a prospective study.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In a meta-analysis of Japanese cohort studies, the relative risk for abdominal aortic aneurysm was 3.89 times higher for men and 4.30 times for women.
“a metaanalysis of cohort studies in Japan have shown that for abdominal aortic aneurysm(AAA), the relative risk is 3.89 times higher for men and 4.30 times for women113).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [113]
Cites
Mortality over a Period of 10 Years in Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Criqui, M. H., Langer, R. D., Fronek, A., Feigelson, H. S., Klauber, M. R., McCann, T. J., & Browner, D. (1992) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199202063260605 · Cited by 2,579 · see citing works
Novel Risk Factors for Systemic Atherosclerosis
Ridker, P. M., Stampfer, M. J., & Rifai, N. (2001) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2481 · Cited by 1,300 · see citing works
Fowkes, F. G. R., Housley, E., Cawood, E. H. H., Macintyre, C. C. A., Ruckley, C. V., & Prescott, R. J. (1991) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/20.2.384 · Cited by 1,179 · see citing works
Newman, A. B., Siscovick, D. S., Manolio, T. A., Polak, J. F., Fried, L. P., Borhani, N. O., & Wolfson, S. K. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.3.837 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Newman, A. B., Shemanski, L., Manolio, T. A., Cushman, M., Mittelmark, M., Polak, J. F., Powe, N. R., & Siscovick, D. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.3.538 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality
McKenna, M. T., Wolfson, S., & Kuller, L. H. (1991) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90014-t · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Böger, R. H., Bode‐Böger, S. M., Thiele, W., Junker, W., Alexander, K., & Frölich, J. C. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.8.2068 · Cited by 490 · see citing works
Meade, T. W., Imeson, J., & Stirling, Y. (1987) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92556-6 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Endothelial Dysfunction, Impaired Endogenous Fibrinolysis, and Cigarette Smoking
Newby, D. E., Wright, R. A., Labinjoh, C., Ludlam, C. A., Fox, K. A. A., Boon, N. A., & Webb, D. J. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.11.1411 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Serum Triglycerides and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease among Japanese Men and Women
Iso, H., Naito, Y., Sato, S., Kitamura, A., Okamura, T., Sankai, T., Shimamoto, T., Iida, M., & Komachi, Y. (2001) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/153.5.490 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationCessation of Smoking in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Jonason, T., & BERGSTRÖM, R. (1987) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb00891.x · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Schroll, M., & Munck, O. (1981) · Journal of Chronic Diseases · doi:10.1016/0021-9681(81)90031-x · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Smith, J., & Landaw, S. A. (1978) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197801052980102 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Nakamura, M., Sato, S., & Shimamoto, T. (2003) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.10.145 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcohol Intake and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Middle-Aged Japanese Men
Iso, H., Kitamura, A., Shimamoto, T., Sankai, T., Naito, Y., Sato, S., Kiyama, M., Iida, M., & Komachi, Y. (1995) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.26.5.767 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationHirsch, A. T., Treat‐Jacobson, D., Lando, H. A., & Hatsukami, D. K. (1997) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x9700200314 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Abstention From Cigarette Smoking Improves Cerebral Perfusion Among Elderly Chronic Smokers
Rogers, R. L. (1985) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1985.03350440048029 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Smith, F. B., Lee, A. J., Hau, C. M., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., & Fowkes, F. G. R. (2000) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-200001000-00005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Cheng, S. W. K., Ting, A. C. W., & Wong, J. (1997) · European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1078-5884(97)80220-1 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Smith, F. B., Lee, A. J., Hau, C. M., et al. (2000) · Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis · doi:10.1097/00001721-200011010-00005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Taniwaki, H., Shoji, T., Emoto, M., Kawagishi, T., Ishimura, E., Inaba, M., Okuno, Y., & Nishizawa, Y. (2001) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00414-2 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Factors of Prognostic Importance for Subsequent Rest Pain in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Jonason, T., & Ringqvist, I. (1985) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1985.tb08820.x · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Exercise Capacity in Patients with Intermittent Claudication
Gardner, A. W. (1996) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x9600100302 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Induction of Endothelial Cell Injury by Cigarette Smoke
Nagy, J., DeMaster, E. G., Wittman, I., Shultz, P. J., & Raij, L. R. (1997) · Endothelium · doi:10.3109/10623329709052590 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Progressive intermittent claudication is associated with impaired fibrinolysis
Killewich, L. A., Gardner, A. W., Macko, R. F., Hanna, D. J., Goldberg, A. P., Cox, D. K., & Flinn, W. R. (1998) · Journal of Vascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0741-5214(98)70229-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Ankle-Arm Blood Pressure Index and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Elderly Japanese Men
Cui, R., Iso, H., Yamagishi, K., Tanigawa, T., Imano, H., Ohira, T., Kitamura, A., Sato, S., Naito, Y., & Shimamoto, T. (2003) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1291/hypres.26.377 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationAnkle–Arm Index as an Indicator of Atherosclerosis
Shinozaki, T., Hasegawa, T., & Yano, E. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(98)00122-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease in an Elderly Rural Population of Southern Italy
Gallotta, G., Iazzetta, N., Milan, G., Ruocco, A., Claudio Napoli, A., & Postiglione, A. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000213865 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Effects of the Transdermal Nicotine Patch on Normalization of HDL-C and Its Subfractions
Moffatt, R. J., Biggerstaff, K. D., & STAMFORD, B. A. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0694 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Determinants of Peripheral Arterial Disease in the Elderly
Meijer, W. T., Grobbee, D. E., Hunink, M. G. M., Albert Hofman, D., & Hoes, A. W. (2000) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.160.19.2934 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kinoshita, M., Yokote, K., Arai, H., Iida, M., Ishigaki, Y., Ishibashi, S., Umemoto, S., Egusa, G., Ohmura, H., Okamura, T., et al. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.gl2017 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Epidemiology, classification, and modifiable risk factors of peripheral arterial disease
Shammas, N. W. (2007) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.2007.3.2.229 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Cigarette Smoking, Smoking Cessation, and Long-Term Risk of 3 Major Atherosclerotic Diseases
Ding, N., Sang, Y., Chen, J., Ballew, S. H., Kalbaugh, C. A., Salameh, M., Blaha, M. J., Allison, M., HEISS, G. M., Selvin, E., et al. (2019) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.05.049 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Peripheral arterial disease, prevalence and cumulative risk factor profile analysis
Eraso, L. H., Fukaya, E., Mohler, E. R., Xie, D., Sha, D., & Berger, J. S. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312452968 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of the association between cigarette smoking and peripheral arterial disease
Lu, L., Mackay, D., & Pell, J. P. (2013) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304082 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Lee, Y. H., Shin, M., Kweon, S., Choi, J., Rhee, J.-A., Ahn, H.-R., Yun, W.-J., Ryu, S. Y., Kim, B., Nam, H., et al. (2011) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-94 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Respiratory, cardiovascular and other physiological consequences of smoking cessation
Gratziou, C. (2009) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007990802707642 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Peripheral artery disease and exertional leg symptoms in diabetes patients in Ghana
Yeboah, K., Puplampu, P., Ainuson‐Quampah, J., Akpalu, J., Gyan, B., & Amoah, A. G. B. (2016) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-016-0247-x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Do Different Vascular Risk Factors Affect All Arteries Equally?
Paraskevas, K. I., Bessias, N., Papas, T. T., Gekas, C. D., Andrikopoulos, V., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2008) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319708318383 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Smoking Promotes Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Apparently Healthy Men
Sanada, S., Nishida, M., Ishii, K., Moriyama, T., Komuro, I., & Yamauchi‐Takihara, K. (2012) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-11-1506 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Recio-Rodriguez, J. I., Gómez-Marcos, M. Á., Patino-Alonso, M. C., Martín-Cantera, C., Ibañez-Jalon, E., Melguizo-Bejar, A., & García‐Ortiz, L. (2013) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-13-109 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
for CIRCS investigators, Li, J., Cui, R., Eshak, E. S., Yamagishi, K., Imano, H., Muraki, I., Hayama‐Terada, M., Kiyama, M., Okada, T., et al. (2018) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-018-0106-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationAli, A., Attar, A. A., & Chrcanovic, B. R. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12041386 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Johansson, L. O. M., & Schmidt, C. B. (2008) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319708324925 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Wang, J., & Hu, D. (2015) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2015.09.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing and managing primary hypertension.
O'Connell, S. E. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ciocan, A., Ciocan, R. A., Gherman, C. D., & Bolboaca, S. D. (2017) · Notulae Scientia Biologicae · doi:10.15835/nsb9410168 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Implicaciones del registro REACH para la cirugía vascular
Álvarez-Fernández, L. J., Vázquez, M. J. V.-V., Gallo, M. J. R., & Santiago, M. V. (2009) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(09)71749-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jain, A., & Clamp, K. (2019) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1177/1755738018817795 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smoking: Prevention and Cessation
Csordás, A. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9783527635320.ch15
Luh, D., Hsu, H., Chang, W., & Pan, L. (2015) · International journal of gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2014.08.001
Ganesh, B. R., & Kothiwale, V. A. (2016) · International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences · doi:10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20162308
Strategy for coronary artery disease complicated with peripheral artery disease
Tobita, K. (2018) · Journal of the Japanese Coronary Association · doi:10.7793/jcoron.24.023
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70917-3.50007-1
Risk Factors of Patients with Peripheral Arterial Disease
Gimbel, M. J. (2022) · Contemporary cardiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-09741-6_2
Peripheral Artery Disease Prevalence: Scoping Review with ☸SAIMSARA
SAIMSARA (2026) · SAIMSARA Journal · doi:10.62487/saimsaraec430229
- Authors
- Cui, R., Iso, H., Yamagishi, K., Tanigawa, T., Imano, H., Ohira, T., Kitamura, A., Sato, S., & Shimamoto, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- The Osaka Medical Center for Health Science and Promotion
- Corresponding author
- Iso, Hiroyasu
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-04
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 243-248
- ISSN
- 1741-8267 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2149652469
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Peripheral Artery Disease Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- smoking, smoking cessation, peripheral arterial disease, peripheral atherosclerosis, pack-years, older men, atherosclerosis regression, Japanese men
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Ankle, Arm, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Japan, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Systole, Smoking Cessation, Atherosclerosis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review