Encephalopathy After Whole-Cell Pertussis or Measles Vaccination: Lack of Evidence for a Causal Association in a Retrospective Case–Control Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Whole-cell pertussis (wP) and measles vaccines are effective in preventing disease but have also been suspected of increasing the risk of encephalopathy or encephalitis. Although many countries now use acellular pertussis vaccines, wP vaccine is still widely used in the developing world. It is therefore important to evaluate whether wP vaccine increases the risk of neurologic disorders. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study was performed at 4 health maintenance organizations. Records from January 1, 1981, through December 31, 1995, were examined to identify children aged 0 to 6 years old hospitalized with encephalopathy or related conditions. The cause of the encephalopathy was categorized as known, unknown or suspected but unconfirmed. Up to 3 controls were matched to each case. Conditional logistic regression was used to analyze the relative risk of encephalopathy after vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) or measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines in the 90 days before disease onset as defined by chart review compared with an equivalent period among controls indexed by matching on case onset date. RESULTS: Four-hundred fifty-two cases were identified. Cases were no more likely than controls to have received either vaccine during the 90 days before disease onset. When encephalopathies of known etiology were excluded, the odds ratio for case children having received DTP within 7 days before onset of disease was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-3.31, P = 0.693) compared with control children. For MMR in the 90 days before onset of encephalopathy, the odds ratio was 1.23 (95% confidence interval = 0.51-2.98, P = 0.647). CONCLUSIONS: In this study of more than 2 million children, DTP and MMR vaccines were not associated with an increased risk of encephalopathy after vaccination.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In Ray 2006, the odds ratio for encephalopathy, Reyes syndrome or encephalitis at 7 to 14 days after MMR was 0.40 (95% CI 0.05 to 3.46).
“OR 7 to 14 days 0.40 (95% CI from 0. 05 to 3.46)”
From Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children (2012) · cites this paper as Ray 2006
In Ray 2006, exposure to the MMR vaccine was not statistically different among cases and controls in any of the considered time intervals (7-14, 0-14, 0-30, 0-60, and 0-90 days).
“In none of the considered time intervals was exposure to the MMR vaccine statistically different among the cases and controls.”
From Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children (2012) · cites this paper as Ray 2006
In Ray 2006, the odds ratio for encephalopathy, Reyes syndrome or encephalitis at 0 to 14 days after MMR was 0.35 (95% CI 0.04 to 2.95).
“OR 0 to 14 days 0.35 (95% CI from 0. 04 to 2.95)”
From Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children (2012) · cites this paper as Ray 2006
Cites
STEHR, K., Cherry, J. D., Heininger, U., Schmitt‐Grohé, S., Ueberall, M. A., Laussucq, S., Eckhardt, T., Meyer, M. F., Engelhardt, R., Christenson, P. D., et al. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.1.1 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
SOME VIRUS ISOLATIONS FROM COMMON COLDS
Hitchcock, G., & Tyrrell, D. A. J. (1960) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(60)90167-7 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Chen, R. T., Glasser, J. W., Rhodes, P., Davis, R. L., Barlow, W. E., Thompson, R. S., Mullooly, J. P., BLACK, S. B., Shinefield, H. R., Vadheim, C. M., et al. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.99.6.765 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Pertussis immunisation and serious acute neurological illnesses in children.
Miller, D., Madge, N. J. H., Diamond, J., Wadsworth, J., & Ross, E. M. (1993) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.307.6913.1171 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Pertussis in Sweden after the cessation of general immunization in 1979
Romanus, V., Jonsell, R., & BERGQUIST, S.-O. (1987) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-198704000-00005 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
WHOOPING COUGH AND WHOOPING COUGH VACCINE: THE RISKS AND BENEFITS DEBATE1
MILLER, D. L., Alderslade, R., & Ross, E. M. (1982) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036242 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines
Institute of Medicine (1991) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/1815 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Gale, J. L. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.271.1.37 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Weibel, R. E., Caserta, V., Benor, D. E., & Evans, G. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.101.3.383 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Heininger, U., Cherry, J. D., STEHR, K., Schmitt‐Grohé, S., Ueberall, M. A., Laussucq, S., Eckhardt, T., Meyer, M. F., GORNBEIN, J. A., & the Pertussis Vaccine Study Group (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.3.546 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Occurrence of childhood encephalitis: a population-based study.
Rantala, H., & Uhari, M. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Occurrence of childhood encephalitis
Rantala, H., & Uhari, M. K. (1989) · The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal · doi:10.1097/00006454-198907000-00004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Miller, D., Wadsworth, J., Diamond, J., & Ross, E. M. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 53 · see citing works
COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES (1996) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.97.2.279 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Miller, D. L., Wadsworth, J., & Ross, E. M. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The NCES reconsidered: summary of a 1989 workshop
Marcuse, E. K., & Wentz, K. R. (1990) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/0264-410x(90)90003-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ueberall, M. A., STEHR, K., Cherry, J. D., Heininger, U., Schmitt‐Grohé, S., Laussucq, S., & Eckhardt, T. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21 · see citing works
WHOOPING-COUGH ADMISSIONS TO A PÆDIATRIC HOSPITAL OVER TEN YEARS
Malleson, P., & Bennett, J. (1977) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91029-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
Harpaz, R., Ortega‐Sanchez, I. R., & Seward, J. F. (2008) · Cited by 1,302 · see citing works
Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children
Demicheli, V., Rivetti, A., Debalini, M. G., & Di Pietrantonj, C. (2012) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004407.pub3 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality
Stratton, K. R., Ford, A. Q., Rusch, E., & Clayton, E. W. (2013) · Cited by 346 · see citing works
The Vaccine Safety Datalink: successes and challenges monitoring vaccine safety
McNeil, M. M., Gee, J. M., Weintraub, E., Belongia, E. A., Lee, G. M., Glanz, J. M., Nordin, J. D., Klein, N. P., Baxter, R. P., Naleway, A. L., et al. (2014) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.07.073 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Murphy, T. V., Slade, B. A., Broder, K. R., Kretsinger, K., Tiwari, T., Joyce, P. M., Iskander, J. K., Brown, K., & Moran, J. S. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children
Pietrantonj, C. D., Rivetti, A., Marchione, P., Debalini, M. G., & Demicheli, V. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004407.pub4 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Effects of vaccination on onset and outcome of Dravet syndrome: a retrospective study
McIntosh, A. M., McMahon, J. M., Dibbens, L. M., Iona, X., Mulley, J. C., Scheffer, I. E., & Berkovic, S. F. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70107-1 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Vaccines for measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella in children
Pietrantonj, C. D., Rivetti, A., Marchione, P., Debalini, M. G., & Demicheli, V. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd004407.pub5 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
PERTUSSIS AND OTHER BORDETELLA INFECTIONS
Cherry, J. D., & Heininger, U. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4044-6.50145-x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Current controversies in the USA regarding vaccine safety
Chatterjee, A., & O’Keefe, C. (2010) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/erv.10.36 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Safety of zoster vaccine in adults from a large managed‐care cohort: a Vaccine Safety Datalink study
Tseng, H. F., Liu, A., Sy, L. S., Marcy, S. M., FIREMAN, B. H., Weintraub, E., Baggs, J. M., Weinmann, S. A., Baxter, R. P., Nordin, J. D., et al. (2011) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02474.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Characteristics of Antivaccine Messages on Social Media: Systematic Review
Wawrzuta, D., Jaworski, M., Gotlib, J., & Pańczyk, M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/24564 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
No pain no gain? Adjuvant effects of alum and monophosphoryl lipid A in pertussis and HPV vaccines
Mitchell, T. C., & Casella, C. R. (2017) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2017.06.009 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Gabutti, G., Azzari, C., Bonanni, P., Prato, R., Tozzi, A. E., Zanetti, A. R., & Zuccotti, G. (2014) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.4161/hv.34364 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Shorvon, S. D., & Berg, A. T. (2007) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2007.01478.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Evaluation of Whole-Cell and Acellular Pertussis Vaccines in the Context of Long-Term Herd Immunity
Szwejser-Zawislak, E., Wilk, M. M., Piszczek, P., Krawczyk, J., Wilczyńska, D., & Hozbor, D. F. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11010001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Strebel, P. M., Papania, M. J., Gastañaduy, P. A., & Goodson, J. L. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35761-6.00037-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Etiologies for Seizures Around the Time of Vaccination
Verbeek, N. E., Jansen, F. E., Bondt, P. E. V.-D., de Kovel, C. G. F., van Kempen, M. J. A., Lindhout, D., Knoers, N. V. A. M., van der Maas, N., & Brilstra, E. H. (2014) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-0690 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children
Demicheli, V., Rivetti, A., Debalini, M. G., & Pietrantonj, C. D. (2013) · Evidence-Based Child Health A Cochrane Review Journal · doi:10.1002/ebch.1948 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Vaccination, seizures and ‘vaccine damage’
Brown, N. J., Berkovic, S. F., & Scheffer, I. E. (2007) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0b013e3280555160 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Risk of serious neurologic disease after immunization of young children in Britain and Ireland
Ward, K. N., Bryant, N. J., Andrews, N. J., Bowley, J. S., Ohrling, A., Verity, C. M., Ross, E. M., & Miller, E. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2006-3743 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Epilepsy and vaccinations: Italian guidelines
Pruna, D., Balestri, P., Zamponi, N., Grosso, S., Gobbi, G., Romeo, A., Franzonı, E., Osti, M., Capovilla, G., Longhi, R. C., et al. (2013) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12306 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Yadav, D. K., Yadav, N., & Khurana, S. M. P. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-416002-6.00026-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Alleged Cases of Vaccine Encephalopathy Rediagnosed Years Later as Dravet Syndrome
Reyes, I. S., Hsieh, D. T., Laux, L. C., & Wilfong, A. A. (2011) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0887 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adverse events following immunization: perception and evidence
Bonhoeffer, J., & Heininger, U. (2007) · Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e32811ebfb0 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The "urban myth" of the association between neurological disorders and vaccinations
Gasparini, R., Panatto, D., Lai, P. L., & Amicizia, D. (2015) · Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene · doi:10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2015.56.1.467 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chang, S., O’Connor, P. M., Slade, B. A., & Woo, E. J. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.097 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Making sense of epidemiological studies of young children exposed to thimerosal in vaccines
Dórea, J. G. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.07.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gao, Z., Wood, J., Burgess, M. A., Menzies, R., McIntyre, P. B., & MacIntyre, C. R. (2012) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.043 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Strebel, P. M., Papania, M. J., Fiebelkorn, A. P., & Halsey, N. A. (2013) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00028-8 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Snyder, J. D., & Fisher, D. J. (2012) · Pediatrics in Review · doi:10.1542/pir.33-9-412 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Pertussis in Latin America: current situation and future vaccination challenges
Ulloa‐Gutiérrez, R., & Avila-Aguero, M. L. (2008) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1586/14760584.7.10.1569 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Vaccines: present status and applications
Yadav, D. K., Yadav, N., & Khurana, S. M. P. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811710-1.00024-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The Influence of Vaccine on Febrile Seizure
Li, X., Lin, Y., Yao, G., & Wang, Y. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170726115639 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lateef, T. M., Johann‐Liang, R., Kaulas, H., Hasan, R., Williams, K., Caserta, V., & Nelson, K. B. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.10.054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Moro, P. L., Yue, X., Lewis, P., Haber, P., & Broder, K. R. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.100 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Heininger, U., Martini, H., Eeuwijk, J., Prokić, I., Guignard, A. P., Turriani, E., Duchenne, M., & Berlaimont, V. (2024) · Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/21645515.2024.2435134 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Epidemiological and Economic Effects of Priming With the Whole-CellBordetella pertussisVaccine
DeAngelis, H., Scarpino, S. V., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Galvani, A. P., & Althouse, B. M. (2016) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.0047 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Piccirilli, G., Lazzarotto, T., Chiereghin, A., Serra, L., Gabrielli, L., & Lanari, M. (2015) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
DTaP5-IPV-Hib-HepB, a hexavalent vaccine for infants and toddlers
Lee, A. W.-T., Jordanov, E., Boisnard, F., & Marshall, G. S. (2016) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2017.1268920 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bondt, V.-D., Wesselo, C., Dzaferagic, A., Taj, P., & Lvo (2007) · Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Schneeweiß, B., Pfleiderer, M., & Keller‐Stanislawski, B. (2008) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.2008.0590 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lack of association between childhood immunizations and encephalitis in California, 1998–2008
Pahud, B. A., Rowhani‐Rahbar, A., Glaser, C. A., Gavali, S. S., Salibay, C., FIREMAN, B. H., & Dekker, C. L. (2011) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.10.104 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wilson, K. R., Potter, B. K., Manuel, D. G., Keelan, J. E., & Chakraborty, P. K. (2009) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2009.07.014 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Korkmaz, H. A., Aydin, A., & Ünal, B. (2013) · Paediatrics and International Child Health · doi:10.1179/2046905513y.0000000110 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Febrile Seizures: An Updated Narrative Review for Pediatric Ambulatory Care Providers
Leung, J. (2022) · Current Pediatric Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573396318666220829121946 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shi, Y., Guo, M., Yang, W., Liu, S., Zhu, B., Yang, L., Yang, C., & Liu, C. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1911653 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Safety of measles, rubella and mumps vaccines in adults: a prospective cohort study
Neuberger, A., Eyal, N., Biber, A., Avni, C., Adi, B., Drorit, A., Petersiel, N., Hajar, D., Rakedzon, S., & Schwartz, E. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab071 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vaccination and anesthesia: the precautionary principle is to vaccinate
Crowcroft, N. S., & Elliman, D. A. C. (2007) · Pediatric Anesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02360.x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Whole-cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy in children
Chacón, G. P., Ramsay, J. A., Brennan‐Jones, C. G., Estcourt, M. J., Richmond, P., Holt, P. G., & Snelling, T. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013682.pub2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wong, P. T. Y., & Wong, V. C. (2016) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2016.01.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tam, J., Tran, D. T., Bettinger, J. A., MOORE, D. L., Sauve, L. J., Jadavji, T., Tan, B., Vaudry, W., Halperin, S. A., & Top, K. A. (2020) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.035 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Mentzer, D., Meyer, H. L., & Keller‐Stanislawski, B. (2013) · Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz · doi:10.1007/s00103-013-1792-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Shorvon, S. D., Andermann, F., & Guerrini, R. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511921001.016 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
ENCEPHALITIS AND MENINGOENCEPHALITIS
Cherry, J. D., Shields, W. D., & Bronstein, D. E. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-4044-6.50047-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
How to Respond to Misinformation From the Anti-Vaccine Movement
Westhoff, M., Posovszky, C., & Debatin, K. (2023) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580231155723 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Suspected measles–mumps–rubella vaccine-related encephalitis: Two cases
Shuper, A. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3109/00365548.2010.513067 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Complexity of the Resurgence of Childhood Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States
Lynfield, R., & Daum, R. S. (2014) · Current Pediatrics Reports · doi:10.1007/s40124-014-0052-x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Zerbo, O., FIREMAN, B. H., & Klein, N. P. (2021) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2021.1984891 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vaccination and neurological disorders
Γκαμπέτα, Α., Pavlidou, E., & Pavlou, E. (2015) · Journal of Pediatric Sciences · doi:10.17334/jps.87478 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Berger, J. R. (2008) · Yearbook of Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/s0513-5117(08)79090-2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Post-Licensure Monitoring to Evaluate Vaccine Safety
Maurice, A. D. S., & Edwards, K. M. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.12.031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Do vaccines cause epilepsy? Review of cases in the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program
Scott, R. C., Moshé, S. L., & Holmes, G. L. (2023) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17794 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Safety of Combination Vaccines with Whole Cell Pertussis Component
Перелыгина, О. В., & Alekseeva, I. A. (2016) · Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention · doi:10.31631/2073-3046-2016-15-6-62-69 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Possible Causes of and Measures to Minimise Risks of Abscesses Following DTP Vaccination
Tereshkina, N. V., Снегирева, И. И., & Дармостукова, М. А. (2021) · Safety and Risk of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.30895/2312-7821-2021-9-1-3-14 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shorvon, S. D. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511921001.058 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pediatric seizures and vaccines
Kerstenetzky, L., & Gidal, B. E. (2015) · Journal of the American Pharmacists Association · doi:10.1331/japha.2015.15522 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pertussis and Other Bordetella Infections
Cherry, J. D., & Heininger, U. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82763-8.00129-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pertussis and Rotavirus Vaccines – Controversies and Solutions
Dash, N., & Verma, S. (2017) · The Indian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12098-017-2393-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Do Vaccines Cause Meningitis or Encephalitis/Encephalopathy?
Dudley, M. Z., Salmon, D. A., Halsey, N. A., Orenstein, W. A., Limaye, R. J., O’Leary, S. T., & Omer, S. B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-94694-8_42 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soriolo, N., Benoni, R., Valle, D. D., Zunino, F., Olivieri, A., Campagna, I., Tardivo, S., Gonella, L. A., Russo, F., Tonon, M., et al. (2024) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102711 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Global variations in immunisation strategies against pertussis in infancy
Murphy, S. A., Kelly, A., & Kelly, D. F. (2025) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2025.2562197 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Can Vaccines Cause Chronic Diseases?
Nyquist, A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7438-8_18 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Whole cell and acellular pertussis vaccines - rethinking the evidence
Casabona, G., Shah, N., Choudhury, J., & Shah, U. (2026) · Expert Review of Vaccines · doi:10.1080/14760584.2026.2689606 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Risk of vaccination in children with epilepsy
Knežević-Pogančev, M. (2010) · Medicinski pregled · doi:10.2298/mpns1010696k · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mehmeti, I., Bino, S., Nelaj, E., & Tomini, E. (2016) · European Scientific Journal ESJ · doi:10.19044/esj.2016.v12n33p40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Whole-cell pertussis vaccine in early infancy for the prevention of allergy
Chacón, G. P., Estcourt, M. J., Ramsay, J. A., Brennan‐Jones, C. G., Richmond, P., Holt, P. G., & Snelling, T. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013682 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurologic Complications of Immunization
Chiriboga, C. A. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-37101-8.00117-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Known Vaccine-Associated Adverse Events
Pahud, B. A., & Harrison, C. J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7438-8_3
Strong Evidence for the Safety of MMR and DPT Vaccines
Baltimore, R. S. (2006) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/id200610040000001
Issues regarding pertussis vaccines-revisited
Parthasarathy, A., & Hitt, S. (2011) · doi:10.1016/s2212-8328(11)80006-8
Pertussis Immunization in Pregnancy: A Review
Gabutti, G., Stefanati, A., & Kuhdari, P. (2018) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.72085
Eby, J. C., & Hewlett, E. L. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00031-8
Nečas, J., & Nečas, T. (2020) · Pediatrie pro praxi · doi:10.36290/ped.2020.050
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53272-5.50009-1
Neurologic Complications of Immunization
Chiriboga, C. A. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0435-8.00080-9
Dittmann, S. (2009) · Side effects of drugs annual · doi:10.1016/s0378-6080(09)03132-8
(2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53717-1.01249-x
Encephalitis and Meningoencephalitis
Bronstein, D. E., & Glaser, C. A. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-82763-8.00036-4
Known Vaccine-Associated Adverse Events
Tilak, K., Adams, F., & Harrison, C. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-5464-4_3
- Authors
- Ray, P., Hayward, J., Michelson, D., Lewis, E., Schwalbe, J., Black, S., Shinefield, H., Marcy, M., Huff, K., Ward, J., Mullooly, J., Chen, R., & Davis, R.
- Affiliations
- Kaiser Permanente (US)
- Harbor–UCLA Medical Center (US)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ray, Paula
- Hayward, Jean
- Michelson, David
- Lewis, Edwin
- Schwalbe, Joan
- Shinefield, Henry
- Venue
- Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 768-773
- ISSN
- 0891-3668 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005334025
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Encephalopathies and Encephalitis
- Keywords
- encephalopathy, whole-cell pertussis vaccine, measles vaccine, DTP vaccine, MMR vaccine, vaccine adverse events, encephalitis, acellular pertussis vaccine, children, vaccine safety
- MeSH terms
- Brain Diseases, Child, Child, Preschool, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Retrospective Studies, Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine, Case-Control Studies, Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
