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Domain and Facet Personality Predictors of All-Cause Mortality Among Medicare Patients Aged 65 to 100
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Our objectives were to test whether Conscientiousness, the other 4 domains of the Five-Factor Model, and their facets predicted mortality in older, frail individuals. METHODS: Controlling for demographic and health measures, we used Cox regression to test whether the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains predicted all-cause mortality over 5 years in 1076 65- to 100-year-old participants who took part in a Medicare Demonstration study. Supplementary analyses on 597 participants aged 66 to 102 who were reassessed 2 years later were conducted to determine whether any of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) facets were related to mortality. RESULTS: When personality domains were treated as continuous variables, NEO-FFI Neuroticism and Agreeableness were significant protective factors. When personality domains were trichotomized, NEO-FFI Conscientiousness was a protective factor. In a third analysis, Agreeableness was not a significant predictor in a model that included the continuous Neuroticism and trichotomized Conscientiousness variables. Analysis of the NEO-PI-R Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness factors showed that Agreeableness and Conscientiousness were protective and that there was a trend for a similar effect of Neuroticism. Facet-level analyses revealed that the Impulsiveness, Straightforwardness, and Self-Discipline facets of Neuroticism, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, respectively, were prospectively related to greater survival over a 3-year interval. CONCLUSION: The effects of Neuroticism and Agreeableness on mortality are inconsistent across previous studies. This study indicates that, in a sample of older, frail participants, high Neuroticism and Agreeableness scores are protective and that more specific effects are primarily the result of the Impulsiveness and Straightforwardness facet scales. The Conscientiousness findings are consistent with those in earlier studies and demonstrate the importance of the Self-Discipline facet.
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“The significant role of conscientiousness in health has been demonstrated in several longitudinal studies showing decreased all-life mortality rates while controlling for other key demographic variables such as gender, age, education level, smoking, and self-rated health (Costa et al., 2014;Taylor et al., 2009;Weiss & Costa, 2005).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Weiss & Costa, 2005
In the citing paper
“Friedman (2019) is quick to point out that some studies demonstrate protective benefits to neuroticism (Weiss & Costa, 2005), and it is possible for worrying and vigilance to be healthy in the right context.”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Weiss & Costa, 2005
In the citing paper
“Agreeableness does impact mortality rates, but this effect has only been found in samples with adults aged 65 and older and in conjunction with high conscientiousness (Costa et al., 2014;Weiss & Costa, 2005).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Weiss & Costa, 2005
In the citing paper
“However, in major longitudinal studies looking at all life mortality, extraversion did not have a significant effect (Costa et al., 2014;Taylor et al., 2009;Weiss & Costa, 2005).”
From Beyond yellow flags: The Big‐Five personality traits and psychologically informed musculoskeletal rehabilitation. (2023) · cites this paper as Weiss & Costa, 2005
In the citing paper
“Conscientiousness appears to a protective factor and neuroticism, a risk factor, although neuroticism is occasionally associated with reduced risk (13-15).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In individuals of high SES, however, high neuroticism may actually be protective, perhaps helping to explain sporadic associations of neuroticism with lower mortality appearing in the literature (13-15).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“Other studies noted no substantial effects for the general Extraversion dimension on 3-year all-cause mortality in an older, ill US community sample [63], in substance and alcohol abusers [89], or in Japanese cancer patients (with a general case-mix of cancer types) [90].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“However, links between Conscientiousness and longevity are only partly explained by commonly studied health behaviors [62–64].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“In this vein, one study found that higher impulsivity in the elderly was actually associated with greater probability of 3-year survival [63].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“To complicate the picture further, two studies have found that higher Neuroticism was associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk in mixed-gender older community samples in the US [63] and Australia [120].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“One study to date has demonstrated a protective effect for Agreeableness against all-cause mortality over 3 years in an elderly sample; this was due primarily to specific aspects of the Agreeableness scale reflecting low levels of interpersonal antagonism [63].”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“Thus, researchers who decompose the Big 5 tend to examine each facet separately, or create linear combinations of facets [63, 192], in order to isolate personality effects on health.”
From Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine (2011) · cites this paper as [63]
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Aggregating the Biological, Psychological, and Sociological
Hertler, S. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48784-7_4
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The Social Determinants and Health Consequences of Non-Cognitive Resources in Young Adulthood
Johnson, M. P. (2018) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/daa2-1z23
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Boyle, G. J., & Helmes, E. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.011 · Cited by 1
Schermer, J. A., & Saklofske, D. H. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.014
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Austin, E. Q., Knack, J. M., Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Rex‐Lear, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.036
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The Five-Factor Model Approach to Hypertensive Patients: A Case Control Study
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“(21) Evidence shows that lower levels in agreeableness are also associated with higher mortality risk.(18,22) We found no association between hypertension and conscientiousness, however growing evidence supports the relation of low conscientiousness with hypertension and other health outcomes such as diabetes, stroke…”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Weiss, A., & Costa, P. T.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weiss, Alexander
- Venue
- Psychosomatic Medicine
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 724-733
- ISSN
- 0033-3174 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1965023995
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 13.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychosomatic Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- personality, all-cause mortality, Big Five personality traits, conscientiousness, neuroticism, agreeableness, extraversion, openness to experience, personality facets, impulsivity, self-control, older adults, frail elderly, Medicare beneficiaries, protective factors
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Medicare, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, MMPI, Models, Psychological, Mortality, Personality, Personality Inventory, Survival Analysis, Frail Elderly
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