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Cited by 283Personality Traits and PsychologyHealth disparities and outcomesAging and Gerontology Research

Personality and Longevity: Knowns, Unknowns, and Implications for Public Health and Personalized Medicine

Open access
Chapman, Benjamin P., Roberts, Brent, Duberstein, Paul·2011·Journal of Aging Research
DOI 10.4061/2011/759170PMC PMC3134197
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Abstract

We review evidence for links between personality traits and longevity. We provide an overview of personality for health scientists, using the primary organizing framework used in the study of personality and longevity. We then review data on various aspects of personality linked to longevity. In general, there is good evidence that higher level of conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D or “distressed” personality are associated with greater longevity. Limited evidence suggests that extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low levels of emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan. Findings regarding neuroticism are mixed, supporting the notion that many component(s) of neuroticism detract from life expectancy, but some components at some levels may be healthy or protective. Overall, evidence suggests various personality traits are significant predictors of longevity and points to several promising directions for further study. We conclude by discussing the implications of these links for epidemiologic research and personalized medicine and lay out a translational research agenda for integrating the psychology of individual differences into public health and medicine.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This narrative review synthesizes evidence that personality traits predict longevity, with the strongest support for higher conscientiousness and lower hostility/Type D personality as protective, while findings for neuroticism are mixed. It argues that personality assessment could inform public health and personalized medicine, but mechanisms and several trait-specific links remain uncertain.

Key findings

  • There is good evidence that higher conscientiousness and lower levels of hostility and Type D (“distressed”) personality are associated with greater longevity; conscientiousness appears to be the one Big 5 domain for which no negative results exist, with associations comparable to those for SES and IQ.
  • Neuroticism findings are mixed: some studies link higher neuroticism to all-cause mortality, but others report null or even protective associations, supporting a proposed distinction between “healthy” and unhealthy neuroticism.
  • Limited evidence suggests extraversion, openness, perceived control, and low emotional suppression may be associated with longer lifespan; optimism is generally linked to lower mortality, though immune-function evidence is mixed.
  • Public health estimates from one study indicate that reducing neuroticism to −1 SD could decrease population mortality by 13%, controlling for SES, compared with 8.8% for eliminating smoking, 4.7% for obesity, and 13% for inactivity.

Methods

  • Design: narrative review of evidence linking personality traits to longevity, organized primarily within the Big 5 taxonomy and specific-trait approaches.
  • Data or sample: no primary sample; the paper synthesizes prospective cohort, twin, community, and patient studies across multiple populations and follow-up periods.
  • Main analysis: qualitative synthesis of associations, mechanisms, measurement issues, and translational implications for public health and personalized medicine.

Limitations

  • The paper states that mixed or insufficient data exist for several dispositional factors, that neuroticism findings are mixed, that Grossarth-Maticeck personality types are less understood due to earlier controversies, and that mechanisms linking personality to longevity are only vaguely understood.
  • The paper notes that some aging-comparison studies were cross-sectional, so personality effects were compared to age differences between people rather than within-person aging, and that studies are rarely powered to detect personality-SES interactions.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy, formal quality appraisal, or meta-analytic pooling, so conclusions depend on the selected cited literature and may be subject to selection or reporting biases.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4061/2011/759170

Cites

271 of 271 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 281 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisecitation

    Compulsive persistence induces higher HPA-axis response.

    “Immunologic work has suggested that compulsive persistence, defined as the inability to disengage from an impossible, stressful task, induces higher HPA-axis response [60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [60] Segerstrom SC Castañeda JO Spencer TE Optimism effects on cellular immunity: testing the affective and persistence models Personality and Individual Differences 2003 35 7 1615 1624

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Premisecitation

    In one study, Conscientiousness was associated with reduced all-cause mortality risk when controlling for perfectionism.

    “In this case, Conscientiousness was associated with reduced, while perfectionism was associated with increased risk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652

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  • Premisecitation

    The strength of associations between Conscientiousness and longevity appears comparable to those between longevity and SES and IQ.

    “The strength of associations between Conscientiousness and longevity appears comparable to those between longevity and SES and IQ [59].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [59] Roberts BW Kuncel NR Shiner R Caspi A Goldberg L The power of personality: the comparative validity of personality traits, socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Ability for Predicting Important Life Outcomes Perspectives in Psychological Science 2007 4 2 313 346 PMC4499872 26151971 source

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  • Premisecitation

    Conscientiousness has been linked to lower all-cause mortality risk across a number of studies.

    “This Big 5 dimension has been linked to lower all-cause mortality risk across a number of studies [54–57] (see also [58]).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [54] Iwasa H Masui Y Gondo Y Inagaki H Kawaai C Suzuki T Personality and all-cause mortality among older adults dwelling in a japanese community: a five-year population-based prospective cohort study American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2008 16 5 399 405 18403571 source

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    • cites [55] Wilson RS Mendes De Leon CF Bienias JL Evans DA Bennett DA Personality and mortality in old age Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 2004 59 3 P110 P116 15118013 source

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    • cites [56] Fry PS Debats DL Perfectionism and the five-factor personality traits as predictors of mortality in older adults Journal of Health Psychology 2009 14 4 513 524 19383652 source

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    • cites [57] Christensen AJ Ehlers SL Wiebe JS Patient personality and mortality: a 4-year prospective examination of chronic renal insufficiency Health Psychology 2002 21 4 315 320 12090673 source

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  • Interpretationnone given

    Conscientiousness appears to be the one Big 5 domain for which no negative results exist.

    “Conscientiousness appears to be the one Big 5 domain for which no negative results exist.”
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  • May combine two claims. 53
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 63
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

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    Interpretationcitation

    Conscientiousness involves a strong self-regulatory component, which facilitates adaptive outcomes in part by preventing inflexibility like perfectionism or compulsive behavior.

    “Conscientiousness involves a strong self-regulatory component, which facilitates adaptive outcomes [61] in part by preventing inflexibility like perfectionism or compulsive behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [61] Moffitt TE Arseneault L Belsky D A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2011 108 7 2693 2698 21262822 PMC3041102 source

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    Premisecitation

    IL-6 is associated with chronic stress, a number of chronic diseases, and negative health behaviors, and is a major predictor of mortality in older persons.

    “IL-6 is associated with chronic stress, a number of chronic diseases, and negative health behaviors, and is a major predictor of mortality in older persons [67, 68].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [67] Harris TB Ferrucci L Tracy RP Associations of elevated interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels with mortality in the elderly American Journal of Medicine 1999 106 5 506 512 10335721 source

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    • cites [68] Gruenewald TL Seeman TE Ryff CD Karlamangla AS Singer BH Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2006 103 38 14158 14163 16983099 PMC1599928 source

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    Premisecitation

    Impulsivity tends to decline with age in most cohorts, in part as a normal function of aging.

    “Another issue is impulsivity tends to decline with age in most cohorts, in part as a normal function of aging [7]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Roberts BW Walton KE Viechtbauer W Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Psychological Bulletin 2006 132 1 1 25 16435954 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Null findings in specific samples and links between Extraversion and smoking suggest that the salutary effects of Extraversion may be overpowered by the mortality risks conferred by physical morbidity or destructive addictive behaviors.

    “Null findings in specific samples (the ill elderly, alcohol/substance abusers, cancer patients) and links between Extraversion and smoking suggest that the salutary effects of Extraversion, arising from traits such as sociability, activity, and positive mood, may be overpowered by the mortality risks conferred by physical morbidity or destructive addictive behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This family of traits is theorized to improve adaptation to hardship or life challenges via the use of proactive, effective coping.

    “In general, this family of traits is theorized to improve adaptation to hardship or life challenges via the use of proactive, effective coping [125].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Surtees PG Wainwright NWJ Khaw KT Sense of coherence, social adversity and mortality Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006 61 3 376 381 16880025 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Neuroticism gives rise to medically unfounded symptom complaints and somatic sensitivity, which may protect an individual from premature mortality even though it risks burdening health care providers and the health care system.

    “Neuroticism gives rise to medically unfounded symptom complaints and somatic sensitivity [118, 121], which may protect an individual from premature mortality even though it risks burdening health care providers and the health care system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [118] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Neuroticism, somatic complaints, and disease: is the bark worse than the bite? Journal of personality 1987 55 2 299 316 3612472 source

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    • cites [121] Noyes R Watson DB Letuchy EM Relationship between hypochondriacal concerns and personality dimensions and traits in a military population Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2005 193 2 110 118 15684913 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    More adaptive coping has been posited as one mechanism explaining the association of optimism with lower mortality risk.

    “More adaptive coping has been posited as one mechanism explaining the association of optimism with lower mortality risk [101].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [101] Solberg Nes L Segerstrom SC Dispositional optimism and coping: a meta-analytic review Personality and Social Psychology Review 2006 10 3 235 251 16859439 source

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    Premisecitation

    "Healthy neuroticism" encompasses "worried well" tendencies that may facilitate engagement in preventive health behavior to allay concern about acquiring chronic health problems.

    ““Healthy neuroticism” encompasses “worried well” tendencies that may facilitate engagement in preventive health behavior to allay concern about acquiring chronic health problems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Friedman HS Long-term relations of personality and health: dynamisms, mechanisms, tropisms Journal of Personality 2000 68 6 1089 1107 11130733 source

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    Premisecitation

    Friedman has proposed a theory of "healthy" versus unhealthy Neuroticism.

    “Friedman has proposed a theory of “healthy” versus unhealthy Neuroticism [26].”
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    • cites [26] Friedman HS Long-term relations of personality and health: dynamisms, mechanisms, tropisms Journal of Personality 2000 68 6 1089 1107 11130733 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Sense of coherence appears to produce more adaptive coping in response to life stressors, which is associated with lower mortality risk.

    “Sense of coherence appears to produce more adaptive coping in response to life stressors, which was in turn associated with lower mortality risk [125].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Surtees PG Wainwright NWJ Khaw KT Sense of coherence, social adversity and mortality Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2006 61 3 376 381 16880025 source

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    Premisecitation

    One study to date has demonstrated a protective effect for Agreeableness against all-cause mortality over 3 years in an elderly sample; this was due primarily to specific aspects of the Agreeableness scale reflecting low levels of interpersonal antagonism.

    “One study to date has demonstrated a protective effect for Agreeableness against all-cause mortality over 3 years in an elderly sample; this was due primarily to specific aspects of the Agreeableness scale reflecting low levels of interpersonal antagonism [63].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [63] Weiss A Costa PT Jr. Domain and facet personality predictors of all-cause mortality among medicare patients aged 65 to 100 Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 5 724 733 16204430 source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Under this model, the personality predisposition precedes a diagnosis and persists after the depressive symptoms have been treated.

    “Under this model, the personality predisposition precedes a diagnosis and persists after the depressive symptoms have been treated, in the same way that a compromised immune system precedes the inception of an opportunistic infection and remains after the infection has been treated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    This study used a different measure of agreeableness focusing on compassion and caring.

    “This study used a different measure of agreeableness focusing on compassion and caring.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    People who rarely experience positive emotions (an aspect of low Extraversion) may be more liable to experience virtual absence of pleasure or interest, the second cardinal symptom of depression.

    “People who rarely experience positive emotions (an aspect of low Extraversion) may be more liable to experience virtual absence of pleasure or interest, which is the second cardinal symptom of depression.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationcitation

    Recent research supports the adaptive value of perceived control, although not inexorably under all conditions.

    “In general, recent research supports the adaptive value of perceived control [131], although not inexorably under all conditions [132].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [131] Infurma FJ Gerstorf D Ram N Schupp J Wagner GG Long-term antecedents and outcomes of perceived control Psychology and Aging. In press PMC3319760 21517184 source

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    • cites [132] Hall NC Chipperfield JG Heckhausen J Perry RP Control striving in older adults with serious health problems: a 9-year longitudinal study of survival, health, and well-being Psychology and Aging 2010 25 2 432 445 20545427 source

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    Premisecitation

    Inflammatory markers and oxidative stress both contribute to the progression of CVD.

    “which both contribute to the progression of CVD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [147] Denollet J Schiffer AA Kwaijtaal M Usefulness of type D personality and kidney dysfunction as predictors of interpatient variability in inflammatory activation in chronic heart failure American Journal of Cardiology 2009 103 3 399 404 19166697 source

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    • cites [148] Conraads VM Denollet J De Clerck LS Stevens WJ Bridts C Vrints CJ Type D personality is associated with increased levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and TNF-α receptors in chronic heart failure International Journal of Cardiology 2006 113 1 34 38 16325284 source

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    • cites [149] Denollet J Conraads VM Brutsaert DL De Clerck LS Stevens WJ Vrints CJ Cytokines and immune activation in systolic heart failure: the role of type D personality Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2003 17 4 304 309 12831833 source

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    • cites [150] Denollet J Vrints CJ Conraads VM Comparing Type D personality and older age as correlates of tumor necrosis factor-α dysregulation in chronic heart failure Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 2008 22 5 736 743 18068948 source

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    • cites [151] Kupper N Gidron Y Winter J Denollet J Association between type D personality, depression, and oxidative stress in patients with chronic heart failure Psychosomatic Medicine 2009 71 9 973 980 19834046 source

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  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    In the UK cohort, low sense of coherence was a risk factor for all-cause and CVD mortality, and for cancer mortality only in men.

    “In this UK cohort, the same pattern of findings emerged for those with low sense of coherence, although this trait was a risk for cancer mortality only in men [128].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Surtees P Wainwright N Luben R Khaw KT Day N Sense of coherence and mortality in Men and Women in the EPIC-Norfolk United Kingdom prospective cohort study American Journal of Epidemiology 2003 158 12 1202 1209 14652305 source

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    Premisecitation

    These latter two studies reported small to modest elevations in mortality risk for Type D that were not statistically significant.

    “These latter two studies reported small to modest elevations in mortality risk for Type D that were not statistically significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [144] Pelle AJ Pedersen SS Schiffer AA Szabó B Widdershoven JW Denollet J Psychological distress and mortality in systolic heart failure Circulation: Heart Failure 2010 3 2 261 267 20071656 source

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    • cites [145] de Voogd JN Wempe JB Postema K More evidence that depressive symptoms predict mortality in COPD patients: is type D personality an alternative explanation? Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2009 38 2 86 93 19513800 PMC2793382 source

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    Premisecitation

    Suppression was first identified in a Yugoslavian cohort as predictive of all-cause and CVD death over 10 years, but was particularly predictive of cancer death in a study by Grossarth-Maticeck.

    “Suppression was first identified in a Yugoslavian cohort as predictive of all-cause and CVD death over 10 years, but was particularly predictive of cancer death in a study by Grossarth-Maticeck [45].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Grossarth-Maticek R Bastiaans J Kanazir DT Psychosocial factors as strong predictors of mortality from cancer, ischaemic heart disease and stroke: the Yugoslav prospective study Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1985 29 2 167 176 4009517 source

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    Premisecitation

    Hostility was not associated with CVD risk or 25-year all-cause mortality in male physicians.

    “Others found that hostility was not associated with CVD risk or 25-year all-cause mortality in male physicians [168]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [168] McCranie EW Watkins LO Brandsma JM Sisson BD Hostility, coronary heart disease (CHD) incidence, and total mortality: lack of association in a 25-year follow-up study of 478 physicians Journal of Behavioral Medicine 1986 9 2 119 125 3712425 source

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    Premisecitation

    Type A personality theory proposed that the combination of impatience, hard-driving, competitiveness, and hostility was associated with cardiovascular disease.

    “This theory was first introduced by a cardiologist in the 1950s and proposed that the combination of impatience, hard-driving, competitiveness, and hostility was associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) [158].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [158] Friedman M Type A Behavior: Its Diagnosis and Treatment 1996 New York, NY, USA Plenum

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The Big 5 was designed as a classification system for many personality traits, not as the ultimate level of analysis in personality research.

    “Yet the Big 5 was designed as a classification system for many personality traits, not as the ultimate level of analysis in personality research.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five Factor Inventory: Professional Manual 1992 Odessa, Fla, USA Psychological Assessment

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies linked follow-up mortality in mixed-gender older samples to social dominance in men, which is similar to aggressive responding.

    “and to social dominance in men (defined by cutting off and speaking over an interviewer) [175], which is similar to aggressive responding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [175] Houston BK Babyak MA Chesney MA Black G Ragland DR Social dominance and 22-year all-cause mortality in men Psychosomatic Medicine 1997 59 1 5 12 9021861 source

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    Premisecitation

    In the early 1980s investigators concluded that hostility was the primary 'toxic' component of the Type A personality.

    “However, in the early 1980s investigators began to study hostility in particular [159, 160], concluding that it was the primary “toxic” component of the Type A personality [161, 162].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [159] Barefoot JC Dahlstrom WG Williams RB Jr. Hostility, CHD incidence, and total mortality: a 25-year follow-up study of 255 physicians Psychosomatic Medicine 1983 45 1 59 63 6844529 source

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    • cites [160] Shekelle RB Gale M Ostfeld AM Paul O Hostility, risk of coronary heart disease, and mortality Psychosomatic Medicine 1983 45 2 109 114 6867229 source

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    • cites [161] Dembroski TM Costa PT Jr. Coronary prone behavior: components of the type A pattern and hostility Journal of Personality 1987 55 2 211 235 3612469 source

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    • cites [162] Dembroski TM MacDougall JM Costa PT Jr. Grandits GA Components of hostility as predictors of sudden death and myocardial infarction in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Psychosomatic Medicine 1989 51 5 514 522 2678209 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The 240 item NEO-PI R was designed to capture the Big 5 general dimensions, as well as 30 more specific personality traits subordinate to the Big 5.

    “For instance, the 240 item NEO-Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI R) [79] was designed to capture the Big 5 general dimensions, as well as 30 more specific personality traits subordinate to the Big 5.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five Factor Inventory: Professional Manual 1992 Odessa, Fla, USA Psychological Assessment

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A large French study found that both the CVD-prone and antisocial personalities predicted all-cause, cardiovascular, and external-cause mortality.

    “A large French study found that both the CVD-prone and antisocial personalities predicted both all-cause, cardiovascular, and external-cause (i.e., accidents, homicides) mortality [188].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [188] Nabi H Kiviméki M Zins M Does personality predict mortality: results from the GAZEL French prospective cohort study International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 2 386 396 18263645 PMC2662885 source

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    Premisecitation

    Investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.

    “These discrepancies were largely reconciled when investigators decomposed hostility into 6 components and found that only some were predictive of earlier mortality.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Barefoot JC Dodge KA Peterson BL Dahlstrom WG Williams RB The Cook-Medley hostility scale: item content and ability to predict survival Psychosomatic Medicine 1989 51 1 46 57 2928460 source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    This is generally supported by current understanding of mechanisms linking traits to disease, in Figure 1.

    “This is generally supported by current understanding of mechanisms linking traits to disease, in Figure 1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Personality was thought to affect a common set of etiologic factors for multiple diseases (i.e., smoking, obesity, and neuroendocrine dysregulation), which would make it hard to connect specific traits only to certain outcomes.

    “Instead, personality was thought to affect a common set of etiologic factors for multiple diseases (i.e., smoking, obesity, and neuroendocrine dysregulation, which are implicated in several disease), which would make it hard to connect specific traits only to certain outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    This was proposed as a general principle of epidemiologic personality research over a decade ago.

    “This was, in fact, proposed as a general principle of epidemiologic personality research over a decade ago [189]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] Krueger RF Caspi A Moffitt TE Epidemiological personology: the unifying role of personality in population-based research on problem behaviors Journal of Personality 2000 68 6 967 998 11130741 source

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    Premisecitation

    One project developed scales for a number of traits from an interpersonal theory of personality and found that they correlated as expected with scales in an auxiliary dataset that were directly designed to capture these traits.

    “For instance, one project developed scales for a number of traits from an interpersonal theory of personality and found that they correlated as expected with scales in an auxiliary dataset that were directly designed to capture these traits [196].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Traupman EK Smith TW Uchino BN Berg CA Trobst KK Costa PT Jr. Interpersonal circumplex octant, control, and affiliation scales for the NEO-PI-R Personality and Individual Differences 2009 47 5 457 463 PMC5102510 27840466 source

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    Interpretationcitation

    Different models may also characterize different personality traits and outcome.

    “Different models may also characterize different personality traits and outcome [32, 206–210].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [32] Neeleman J Ormel J Bijl RV The distribution of psychiatric and somatic III health: associations with personality and socioeconomic status Psychosomatic Medicine 2001 63 2 239 247 11292271 source

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    • cites [206] Lachman ME Weaver SL The sense of control as a moderator of social class differences in health and well-being Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998 74 3 763 773 9523418 source

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    • cites [207] Kivimäki M Elovainio M Kokko K Pulkkinen L Kortteinen M Tuomikoski H Hostility, unemployment and health status: testing three theoretical models Social Science and Medicine 2003 56 10 2139 2152 12697203 source

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    • cites [208] Lynch JW Kaplan GA Salonen JT Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse Social Science and Medicine 1997 44 6 809 819 9080564 source

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    • cites [209] Marmot MG Fuhrer R Ettner SL Marks NF Bumpass LL Ryff CD Contribution of psychosocial factors to socioeconomic differences in health Milbank Quarterly 1998 76 3 403 448 9738169 PMC2751083 source

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    • cites [210] Bosma H van de Mheen HD Mackenbach JP Social class in childhood and general health in adulthood: questionnaire study of contribution of psychological attributes British Medical Journal 1999 318 7175 18 22 9872877 PMC27669 source

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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Most of the studies above controlled for education as a proxy measure of SES, but very few focused on the role of personality in socioeconomic inequalities in longevity.

    “While most of the studies above controlled for education as a proxy measure of SES, very few focused on issues outlined at the end of Section 2 about the role of personality in socioeconomic inequalities in longevity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    While mortality risk due to low IQ is partially associated with mortality risk due to low SES, the role of maladaptive personality traits in these associations has been rarely studied.

    “Another area for further study is the interface between IQ, personality, and SES links to longevity: while mortality risk due to low IQ is partially associated with mortality risk due to low SES, the role of maladaptive personality traits in these associations has been rarely studied [37].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [37] Deary IJ Weiss AW Batty GD Intelligence and personality as predictors of illness and death: how researchers in differential psychology and chronic disease epidemiology are collaborating to understand and address health inequalities Psychological Science in the Public Interests 2010 11 2 53 79 26168413 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Health service utilization determinants may include personality.

    “An example is health service utilization, the many determinants of which [214] may include personality [215–217].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [214] Andersen RM Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior 1995 36 1 1 10 7738325 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [215] Chipperfield JG Greenslade L Perceived control as a buffer in the use of health care services Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 1999 54 3 P146 P154 10363035 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [216] Goodwin RD Hoven CW Lyons JS Stein MB Mental health service utilization in the United States. The role of personality factors Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 2002 37 12 561 566 12545232 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [217] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality traits predict emergency department utilization over three years in older patients American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009 17 526 535 19461261 PMC2745738 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The indirect selection hypothesis originally suggested that persons with certain characteristic self select into lower SES, meaning health inequalities are an indirect effect of this selection process.

    “The indirect selection hypothesis originally suggested that persons with certain characteristic self select into lower SES, meaning health inequalities are an indirect effect of this selection process [203].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [203] Black DS Inequalities in Health: The Black Report 1988 Harmondsworth, UK Penguin

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    There are limitations to both overly general measures of personality that aggregate across several traits and overly specific traits.

    “As noted above, there are limitations to both overly general measures of personality that aggregate across several traits (i.e., only some of the content may be relevant to a given health outcome), but also to overly specific traits (i.e., selective focus on one narrow aspect of personality out of context of other traits).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Despite the presence of indirect selection, the mortality risk of low SES can still be partially offset by adaptive personality traits, and vice versa (a compensatory cumulative model).

    “Therefore, despite the presence of indirect selection, the mortality risk of low SES can still be partially offset by adaptive personality traits, and vice versa (a compensatory cumulative model).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The selective vulnerability hypothesis suggests that social adversity engenders more health problems in those with vulnerable personality configurations.

    “Finally, the selective vulnerability hypothesis suggests that social adversity engenders more health problems in those with vulnerable personality configurations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [199] MacKenbach JP New trends in health inequalities research: now it’s personal The Lancet 2010 376 9744 854 855 20663547

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [202] Gallacher J Commentary: personality and health inequality: inconclusive evidence for an indirect hypothesis International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 3 602 603 18388151

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The compensatory-cumulative model suggests that personality traits may independently add to or detract from mortality risk conferred by disadvantaged social environments, and/or the benefits conferred by social advantage.

    “The compensatory-cumulative model suggests that personality traits may independently add to or detract from mortality risk conferred by disadvantaged social environments, and/or the benefits conferred by social advantage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [199] MacKenbach JP New trends in health inequalities research: now it’s personal The Lancet 2010 376 9744 854 855 20663547

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [202] Gallacher J Commentary: personality and health inequality: inconclusive evidence for an indirect hypothesis International Journal of Epidemiology 2008 37 3 602 603 18388151

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Studies are rarely powered to detect interactions between personality and SES, making it difficult to test the selective vulnerability model adequately.

    “Studies are rarely powered to detect interactions between personality and SES however, making it difficult to test the selective vulnerability model adequately.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Other health behaviors may play a role in personality-longevity links, yet are rarely measured.

    “First, other health behaviors may play a role, yet are rarely measured.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Definitive studies on the role of health service utilization and psychological processes in personality-longevity links have yet to be conducted.

    “Definitive studies on this have yet to be conducted, however.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More recent formulations of indirect selection have argued that the relationship between personality and socioeconomic circumstances is mutually reinforcing over time and must be viewed as a bidirectional process.

    “More recent formulations of indirect selection have argued that the relationship between personality and socioeconomic circumstances is mutually reinforcing over time and must be viewed as a bidirectional process in which personality and SES mutually reinforce one another over time [62].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [62] Chapman BP Fiscella K Kawachi I Duberstein PR Personality, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in the United States American Journal of Epidemiology 2010 171 1 83 92 19965888 PMC2800299 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Modeling the simultaneous effects of several highly correlated facets can create analytic and interpretive challenges.

    “An important note is that modeling the simultaneous effects of several highly correlated facets can create analytic and interpretive challenges.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Far more studies have used abbreviated Big 5 measures, such as the NEO-FFI, which was designed originally only to capture the Big 5 broad composites.

    “Far more studies have used abbreviated Big 5 measures, such as the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), which was designed originally only to capture the Big 5 broad composites [79].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Revised NEO Personality Inventory and NEO Five Factor Inventory: Professional Manual 1992 Odessa, Fla, USA Psychological Assessment

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    It is important to examine nonlinearities and trait interactions in predicting mortality, a notion supported by the evolutionary theory that no single trait at high or low levels is likely to be globally adaptive.

    “It is also important to examine nonlinearities and trait interactions [211, 212] in predicting mortality, a notion supported by the evolutionary theory that no single trait at high or low levels is likely to be globally adaptive [213].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [211] Smith TW Spiro A Personality, health, and aging: prolegomenon for the next generation Journal of Research in Personality 2002 36 4 363 394

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [212] Cloninger CR How does personality influence mortality in the elderly? Psychosomatic Medicine 2005 67 6 839 840 16314586 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [213] Nettle D The evolution of personality variation in humans and other animals American Psychologist 2006 61 6 622 631 16953749 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The additional personality data would increase the accuracy of individual risk forecasting models for outcomes of interest.

    “First, the additional personality data would increase the accuracy of individual risk forecasting models for outcomes of interest.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Separate examinations of mediating paths in different strata may help identify moderated mediation, reflecting different causal chains in different populations.

    “Separate examinations of mediating paths in different strata may help identify moderated mediation, reflecting different causal chains in different populations [226].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [226] Preacher KJ Rucker DD Hayes AF Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: theory, methods, and prescriptions Multivariate Behavioral Research 2007 42 1 185 227 26821081 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality-related interventions warrant serious consideration.

    “suggesting that personality-related interventions warrant serious consideration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality assessment offers a comprehensive screening strategy for psychosocial health risks, not a case-finding strategy for prevalent symptoms of one specific psychopathology.

    “Personality assessment thus offers a comprehensive screening strategy for psychosocial health risks, not a case-finding strategy for people with prevalent symptoms for one specific form of psychopathology.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: PHQ-9 instruments are case-finders identifying prevalent cases of depression, rather than screeners identifying a pool at risk for incident depression.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Given the links between personality and health, an obvious opportunity exists for translational research integrating personality phenotype into personalized medicine.

    “Given the links between personality and health, an obvious opportunity exists for translational research integrating personality phenotype into personalized medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality assessment could improve the provision of patient-centered care because physicians better understand how to approach and interact with different kinds of patients.

    “In general, personality assessment could improve the provision of patient-centered care because the physicians better understand how to approach and interact with different kinds of patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The mediated fraction is statistically identical to the confounded fraction but assumes that the third variable is a mediator, rather than confounder.

    “One solution is to simply use the mediated fraction [224], which is statistically identical to the confounded fraction above but simply assumes that the third variable is a mediator, rather than confounder [225].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [224] Kaufman JS MacLehose RF Kaufman S Greenland S The mediation proportion Epidemiology 2005 16 5 p. 710 16135954 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [225] MacKinnon DP Krull JL Lockwood CM Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect Prevention Science 2000 1 4 173 181 11523746 PMC2819361 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychotherapy or pharmacotherapy may alter personality tendencies.

    “In addition, psychotherapy [242] or pharmacotherapy [246] may alter personality tendencies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [242] Costa PT Jr. McCrae RR Personality in Adulthood: A Five Factor Theory Perspective 2033 2nd edition New York, NY, USA Guilford Press

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [246] Tang TZ DeRubeis RJ Hollon SD Amsterdam J Shelton R Schalet B Personality change during depression treatment: a placebo-controlled trial Archives of General Psychiatry 2009 66 12 1322 1330 19996037 PMC2799251 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Personality is conspicuously absent in formulations of personalized medicine.

    “However, personality is conspicuously absent in formulations of personalized medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A key requirement for attaching causal interpretations to mediation analyses is control for confounders of the mediation pathway.

    “A key requirement is control for confounders of the mediation pathway—just as a direct main effect may confounded by unobserved factors, so may a mediated effect [222].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [222] Imai K Keele L Tingley D A general approach to causal mediation analysis Psychological Methods 2010 15 4 309 334 20954780 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    To the extent that numerous pathways are operating, interventions in at-risk personality populations would need to attempt to modify multiple mediators.

    “To the extent that numerous pathways are operating, however, interventions in at-risk personality populations would need to attempt to modify multiple mediators [227].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [227] NIH, NIH Science of Behavior Change Meeting Summary, 2009

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality information can range from quite specific to very general and is relatively low cost given information it may add to health risk profiling.

    “In contrast, personality information can range from quite specific to very general and is relatively low cost given information it may add to health risk profiling.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Personality information is relatively low cost given the information it may add to health risk profiling.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality assessment information is likely to help guide and tailor treatment planning, enhancing the probability of successful care.

    “Third, this type of information is likely to help guide and tailor treatment planning, enhancing the probability of successful care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The strength of different pathways linking personality to longevity is likely to differ across populations.

    “Finally, the strength of different pathways is likely to differ across populations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    This serial testing strategy has proven to be quite effective in medicine and can be thought of as a 2-step algorithm where one minimizes false negatives in the first step, and then weeds out false positives on the second step.

    “This serial testing strategy has proven to be quite effective in medicine and can be thought of as a 2-step algorithm where one minimizes false negatives in the first step, and then weeds out false positives on the second step [236].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [236] Woodward M Epidemiology: Study Design and Data Analysis 2005 2nd edition New York, NY, USA Chapman & Hall

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A more detailed personality assessment would provide the physician with a wealth of psychosocial data that would otherwise take a long time to gather, preparing the physician for what s/he may expect behaviorally from a particular patient.

    “Second, a more detailed personality assessment would provide the physician with a wealth of psychosocial data that would otherwise take a long time to gather, preparing the physician for what s/he may expect behaviorally from a particular patient.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Interest in individual differences in health risk and treatment response has gained great traction over the last decade under the rubric of personalized medicine.

    “Interest in individual differences in health risk and treatment response has gained great traction over the last decade under the rubric of personalized medicine [228].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Hamburg MA Collins FS The path to personalized medicine The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 363 4 301 304 20551152 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Personality phenotype reflects the results of gene-environment interaction and encodes environmental variance at a broad behavioral level.

    “Personality phenotype reflects the results of gene-environment interaction and encodes environmental variance at a broad behavioral level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Personality phenotype reflects the results of gene-environment interaction and encodes environmental variance at a broad behavioral level.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    This type of information is likely to help guide and tailor treatment planning, enhancing the probability of successful care.

    “Third, this type of information is likely to help guide and tailor treatment planning, enhancing the probability of successful care.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The increasing interest in personalized medicine has come on the back of GWAS studies, under the rationale that patient risk can be prognosticated with increasing precision as more is learned about the roles of genes in disease.

    “However, the increasing interest in personalized medicine has really come on the back of GWAS studies, under the rationale that patient risk can be prognosticated with increasing precision as more is learned about the roles of genes in disease [228].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Hamburg MA Collins FS The path to personalized medicine The New England Journal of Medicine 2010 363 4 301 304 20551152 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Naturalistic change over the lifespan indicates a pattern of increasing maturity with age, owing to increasing responsibilities such as marriage, child-rearing, and work responsibility.

    “More recent research has shown naturalistic change over the lifespan indicating a pattern of increasing maturity with age, owing to increasing responsibilities such as marriage and child-rearing and increases in work responsibility [7].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Roberts BW Walton KE Viechtbauer W Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Psychological Bulletin 2006 132 1 1 25 16435954 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Predictive modeling is an active area of quantitative research and numerous techniques have emerged in the last ten years to facilitate construction of highly predictive scales.

    “Predictive modeling is an active area of quantitative research and numerous techniques have emerged in the last ten years to facilitate the construction of highly predictive scales [241].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [241] Hastie T Tibshirani R Friedman J The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction 2009 2nd edition New York, NY, USA Springer

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Other methods exist to determine the point at which a continuous risk factor shows the steepest rise for several risks.

    “Other methods exist to determine the point at which a continuous risk factor shows the steepest rise for several risks [237].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [237] Ryan L Quantitative risk assessment for developmental toxicity Biometrics 1992 48 1 163 174 1581483 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since health is a complex function of behavior and biology, incorporating information from both domains into prediction equations should improve forecasting accuracy.

    “First, since health is a complex function of behavior and biology, incorporating information from both domains into prediction equations should improve forecasting accuracy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Health is a complex function of behavior and biology.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    Comprehensive Big 5 measures can be used to develop brief screeners for outcomes of interest using the items most predictive of those outcomes.

    “Comprehensive Big 5 measures [240] can be used to develop brief screeners for outcomes of interest using the items on these inventories most predictive of those outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [240] De Raad B Perugini M Big Five Assessment 2002 Toronto, Canada Hogrefe & Huber Publishers

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality assessment could facilitate expressing concern, empathy, and understanding the patient's perspective.

    “It is also about expressing concern and empathy and understanding the patient's perspective [238, 239], activities that we believe could be facilitated by personality assessment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The mere presence of personality assessment tools in primary care waiting rooms would convey to patients that high quality health care is not solely about diagnostic tests, diagnosis, and treatment.

    “The mere presence of these assessment tools in primary care waiting rooms would convey to patients that the provision of high quality health care is not solely about ordering diagnostic tests, arriving at the correct diagnosis, and prescribing appropriate treatments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Since health outcomes are multidetermined by biological and behavioral causes, combining assessments of these factors may be cost-effective.

    “and since health outcomes are multidetermined by biological and behavioral causes, combining assessments of these factors may be cost-effective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Health is a complex function of behavior and biology.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Studies examining different types of psychosocial intervention generally found health improvements for behavior therapy but not for psychoanalytic therapy.

    “Studies examining different type of psychosocial intervention generally found health improvements for behavior therapy, which focuses on altering patterns of thoughts and behavior, but not for psychoanalytic therapy, which focused on developing insight into unconscious motivations [251, 252].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [251] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck HJ Length of survival and lymphocyte percentage in women with mammary cancer as a function of psychotherapy Psychological Reports 1989 65 1 315 321 2780939 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [252] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck HJ Prophylactic effects of psychoanalysis on cancer-prone and coronary heart disease-prone probands, as compared with control groups and behaviour therapy groups Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 1990 21 2 91 99 2273076 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Traits can be continuously scaled so that a relative risk reflects the difference in risk between people 1 or 2 SDs apart in trait level, or between the 25th and 75th percentile.

    “As an initial step, traits can be continuously scaled so that a relative risk (RR) reflects, for instance, the difference in risk between people of 1 or 2 standard deviations (SDs) difference in the level of the trait, or the difference in risk between a person at the 25th and 75th percentile of the trait distribution [256].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [256] Harrell FE Jr. Regression Modeling Strategies 2001 New York, NY, USA Springer

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Skepticism over observational studies was particularly great after they yielded effect estimates for hormone replacement therapy that were opposite of subsequent randomized trials.

    “Investigators attempt to reduce and control them, with skepticism over observational studies particularly great after they yielded effect estimates for hormone replacement therapy that were actually the opposite of what subsequent randomized trials showed [262].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [262] Ioannidis JPA Why most published research findings are false PLoS Medicine 2005 2 8 0696 0701 PMC1182327 16060722 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mindfulness-based stress reduction reduced Neuroticism and improved Conscientiousness in a study of practicing physicians.

    “while mindfulness-based stress reduction reduced Neuroticism and improved Conscientiousness in a study of practicing physicians [254].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [254] Krasner MS Epstein RM Beckman H Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians JAMA 2009 302 12 1284 1293 19773563

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Another study noted enhanced survival time and lymphocyte breast count in breast cancer patients.

    “with one study noting small improvement in sclerosis [249] and another enhanced survival time and lymphocyte breast count in breast cancer patients [251].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [251] Grossarth-Maticek R Eysenck HJ Length of survival and lymphocyte percentage in women with mammary cancer as a function of psychotherapy Psychological Reports 1989 65 1 315 321 2780939 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    More elaborate computations can be made from parametric survival models that have accurately specified the distribution of survival time.

    “More elaborate computations can be made from parametric survival models that have accurately specified the distribution of survival time [257].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] Rothman KJ Greenland S Lash TL Modern Epidemiology 2008 3rd edition Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    These studies were cross-sectional, so personality effects were compared to age differences between people, which is not the same as years of ageing within people.

    “One caveat is that these studies were cross-sectional, so personality effects were compared to age differences between people, which is not the same as years of ageing within people.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The healthy subject effect is a bias in which subjects with generally healthier lifestyles adopt a particular treatment in a nonrandomized study, resulting in unobserved confounding.

    “The healthy subject effect is a particularly pernicious form of bias in which subjects with generally healthier lifestyles adopt a particular treatment in a nonrandomized study, resulting in unobserved confounding [268].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [268] Ioannidis JPA Haidich AB Pappa M Comparison of evidence of treatment effects in randomized and nonrandomized studies JAMA 2001 286 7 821 830 11497536 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PAR can be used to pinpoint prevention and intervention avenues that yield the most benefit to the population and to derive other epidemiologic estimates such as NNT.

    “It can be used to pinpoint prevention and intervention avenues that will yield the most benefit to the population, and to derive other epidemiologic estimates such as Number Needed to Treat (NNT), the number of people who must be treated down to a lower level of the trait to prevent one death in the population [257].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] Rothman KJ Greenland S Lash TL Modern Epidemiology 2008 3rd edition Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Volunteer bias is the tendency for well-adjusted, open, and compliant people to participate in studies, a function of personality.

    “For instance, volunteer bias, a form of selection bias, is the tendency for well-adjusted, open, and compliant people to participate in studies [261], a function of personality [263, 264].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [261] Lash TL Fox MP Fink K Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data 2009 New York, NY, USA Springer

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [263] Walsh JA Nash MM Personality characteristics of volunteers for medical research Criminal Justice and Behavior 1978 5 2 99 116 11662773 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [264] Lönnqvist JE Paunonen S Verkasalo M Leikas S Tuulio-Henriksson A Lönnqvist J Personality characteristics of research volunteers European Journal of Personality 2007 21 8 1017 1030

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    These psychosocial intervention studies were conducted prior to the advent of reporting standards for clinical trials and provided very little information bearing on therapist allegiance or fidelity.

    “As these studies were conducted prior to the advent of reporting standards for clinical trials, it is not surprising that they provided very little information bearing on therapist allegiance or fidelity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Personality traits have no inherently meaningful metric, unlike BMI, income, education, or other continuous risk factors.

    “This is particularly important since personality traits, unlike BMI, annual household income or assets, years of education, or other continuous risk factors, have no inherently meaningful metric.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Numerous biases plague observational studies and to some extent randomized clinical trials.

    “Numerous biases plague observational studies and to some extent randomized clinical trials [261].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [261] Lash TL Fox MP Fink K Applying Quantitative Bias Analysis to Epidemiologic Data 2009 New York, NY, USA Springer

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Adherence to medication and study drop-out appear to be related to personality characteristics.

    “Adherence to medication and study drop-out alike appears to be related to personality characteristics [265–267].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [265] Christensen AJ Patient-by-treatment context interaction in chronic disease: a conceptual framework for the study of patient adherence Psychosomatic Medicine 2000 62 3 435 443 10845357 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [266] Jerant A Chapman EP Duberstein P Franks P Is personality a key predictor of missing study data? An analysis from a randomized controlled trial Annals of Family Medicine 2009 7 2 148 156 19273870 PMC2653957 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [267] Jerant A Chapman B Duberstein P Robbins J Franks P Personality and medication non-adherence among older adults enrolled in a six-year trial British Journal of Health Psychology 2011 16 1 151 169 21226789 PMC3126620 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    PAR combines information about the relative risk of a trait such as low conscientiousness with the prevalence of that trait in the population.

    “PAR combines information about the relative risk of a trait such as low conscientiousness, with the prevalence of that trait in the population [257].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [257] Rothman KJ Greenland S Lash TL Modern Epidemiology 2008 3rd edition Philadelphia, Pa, USA Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SSRIs tend to reduce Neuroticism and improve Extraversion in depressed samples.

    “Other studies have noted that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) tend to reduce Neuroticism and improve Extraversion [246, 253] in depressed samples”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [246] Tang TZ DeRubeis RJ Hollon SD Amsterdam J Shelton R Schalet B Personality change during depression treatment: a placebo-controlled trial Archives of General Psychiatry 2009 66 12 1322 1330 19996037 PMC2799251 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [253] Costa PT Jr. Bagby RM Herbst JH McCrae RR Personality self-reports are concurrently reliable and valid during acute depressive episodes Journal of Affective Disorders 2005 89 1–3 45 55 16203041 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    YPLL associated with the 75th versus 25th percentile of a personality trait is a public health metric relevant to longevity.

    “A final public health metric relevant to longevity is the Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL) associated with, for instance, the 75th versus 25th percentile of a personality trait.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Personality captures many of the propensities toward healthy lifestyle, meaning healthy subject bias may be controlled if personality can be measured.

    “Personality captures many of the propensities toward healthy lifestyle [269], meaning healthy subject bias may be controlled if personality can be measured.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [269] Edmonds G Personality and the Healthy Lifestyle as Predictors of Physical Health: Can the Healthy Lifestyle be Explained by Personality? 2009 Urbana, Ill, USA Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Such measures would help clarify the individual and population impact of personality traits on longevity.

    “Such measures would help clarify the individual and population impact of personality traits on longevity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Certain traits are associated with accelerated aging, and the amount of acceleration could be quantified.

    “Certain traits are associated with accelerated aging, and the amount of acceleration could be quantified.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Aging is known to be one of the most potent predictors of longevity.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    QALYs and DALYs could also be computed.

    “A number of similar measures, including quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) could also be computed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality assessment may play a role in prognosticating and improving quality of life in old age.

    “personality assessment may play a role in prognosticating and improving quality of life in old age as well.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Personality traits offer comprehensive information that could be used as personalized medicine begins to gain traction.

    “Finally, personality traits offer comprehensive information that could be used as personalized medicine begins to gain traction.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Use of z may be more cost-effective and analytically tractable in controlling for healthy subject bias.

    “As a result, use of z may be more cost-effective and analytically tractable in controlling for healthy subject bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    As personality is related to longevity, it can be used to better understand and adjust for healthy survivor effects.

    “As personality is related to longevity, it can be used to better understand and adjust for healthy survivor effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    The healthy survivor effect reflects the tendency for findings in samples of older adults to differ from those in younger samples.

    “Finally, the healthy survivor effect reflects the tendency for findings in samples of older adults to differ from those in younger samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Personality may help general health researchers adjust for a number of usually unmeasured behavioral and psychological biases in their studies.

    “Personality may also help general health researchers adjust for a number of usually unmeasured behavioral and psychological biases in their studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
102 of 102

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Health is a complex function of behavior and biology.

    “First, since health is a complex function of behavior and biology, incorporating information from both domains into prediction equations should improve forecasting accuracy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Personality phenotype reflects the results of gene-environment interaction and encodes environmental variance at a broad behavioral level.

    “Personality phenotype reflects the results of gene-environment interaction and encodes environmental variance at a broad behavioral level.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Personality information is relatively low cost given the information it may add to health risk profiling.

    “In contrast, personality information can range from quite specific to very general and is relatively low cost given information it may add to health risk profiling.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PHQ-9 instruments are case-finders identifying prevalent cases of depression, rather than screeners identifying a pool at risk for incident depression.

    “Instruments such as the PHQ-9 are case-finders, identifying prevalent cases of depression, rather than screeners, which identify a pool at-risk for incident depression.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Health care systems such as Kaiser Permanente and Group Health have begun to incorporate general psychosocial information into electronic medical records.

    “For instance, health care systems such as Kaiser Permanente and Group Health have begun to incorporate general psychosocial information into electronic medical records.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Eliminating smoking could lead to an 8.8% reduction, obesity a 4.7% reduction, and inactivity a 13% reduction in population mortality.

    “By contrast, eliminating smoking could lead to an 8.8% reduction, obesity (independent of physical inactivity) a 4.7% reduction, and inactivity (independent of obesity) a 13% reduction in population mortality.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Aging is known to be one of the most potent predictors of longevity.

    “A second way the public health impact of personality may be quantified is by drawing an analogy to aging, which is known to be one of the most potent predictors of longevity.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Follow-up duration differs from the cited study title

    Minor

    The text describes the study as a 5-year longitudinal follow-up, but the cited study's title says it assessed illness burden over 4 years.

1 of 1

Cites

6 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

14 of the 285 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 14

  1. 1999, Behavioral genetics and personality,
  2. 1998, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 13, 63
  3. 2000, Asking questions about threatening topics: a selective overview
  4. 1999, A five-factor yheory of personality
  5. 2003, Multivariate assessment: NEO-PI R profiles of madeline G
  6. 2007, Perspectives in Psychological Science, 4, 313
  7. 2011, Journal of Comparative Psychology, 135, 72
  8. 2006, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 61, 376
  9. 2005, Psychology & Health, 20, 206
  10. 1980, The role of ego control and ego resiliency in the organization of bheavior, 13
  11. 2003, BMJ, 326, 598; author reply 598
  12. 1999, Journals of Gerontology—Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 54, P146
  13. 2005, Epidemiology, 16, 710
  14. 10.1348/135910709x464353 · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Chapman, B. P., Roberts, B., & Duberstein, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Rochester Medicine (US)
  • University of Illinois System (US)
Corresponding author
Chapman, Benjamin P.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Aging Research
Publisher
Hindawi Limited
Published
2011
Volume
2011
Pages
1-24
ISSN
  • 2090-2204 (ISSN-L)
  • 2090-2212
DOI
10.4061/2011/759170
PMC
PMC3134197
OpenAlex
W2079186021
Semantic Scholar
40cd972788f347c297b49359b8223b91a4fe9a03
Cited by
283
References
285
Citations by year
2026: 28 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
FWCI
18.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Aging Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
National Institute on Aging (K08AG031328, L30 AG031021)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Keywords
personality traits, longevity, life expectancy, conscientiousness, hostility, Type D personality, extraversion, openness to experience, perceived control, emotional suppression, neuroticism, individual differences, personalized medicine, public health

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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