The DOI matches its Crossref record; 41 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Leptospirosis
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Leptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonotic disease, has been recognized as an important emerging infectious disease in the last 10 years. This review addresses the issues in the epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical management which confront public health responses, and highlights the progress made towards understanding the Leptospira genome, biology and pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS: Leptospirosis has spread from its traditional rural base to become the cause of epidemics in poor urban slum communities in developing countries. Mortality from severe disease forms, Weil's disease and severe pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome, is high (>10% and >50%, respectively) even when optimal treatment is provided. Moreover, the overall disease burden is underestimated, since leptospirosis is a significant cause of undifferentiated fever and frequently not recognized. Barriers to addressing this problem have been the lack of an adequate diagnostic test and effective control measures. China and Brazil, countries in which leptospirosis is a major health problem, have completed the sequence of the Leptospira interrogans genome. Together with new genetic tools and proteomics, new insights have been made into the biology of Leptospira and the mechanisms used to adapt to host and external environments. Surface-exposed proteins and putative virulence determinants have been identified which may serve as sub-unit vaccine candidates. SUMMARY: Major progress has been made in the basic research of leptospirosis. Future challenges will be to translate these advances into public health measures for developing countries. Yet the most effective responses may be interventions that directly address the determinants of poverty, such as poor sanitation, which are often responsible for transmission.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Effect of a protective-ventilation strategy on mortality in the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Amato, M. B. P., Barbas, C. S. V., Medeiros, D. M., Magaldi, R. B., Schettino, G. P., Lorenzi-Filho, G., Kairalla, R. A., Deheinzelin, D., Munoz, C., Oliveira, R., et al. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199802053380602 · Cited by 3,654
Leptospirosis: a zoonotic disease of global importance
Bharti, A. R., Nally, J. E., Ricaldi, J. N., Matthias, M. A., Diaz, M. M., Lovett, M. A., Levett, P. N., Gilman, R. H., Willig, M. R., Gotuzzo, E., et al. (2003) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00830-2 · Cited by 2,458
Levett, P. N. (2001) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.14.2.296-326.2001 · Cited by 2,371
Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil
Ko, A. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)11019-x · Cited by 954
Self-citationLeptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism
Werts, C., Tapping, R. I., Mathison, J. C., Chuang, T.-H., Kravchenko, V., Saint Girons, I., Haake, D. A., Godowski, P. J., Hayashi, F., Ozinsky, A., et al. (2001) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/86354 · Cited by 733
Ren, S.-X., Fu, G., Jiang, X.-G., Zeng, R., Miao, Y.-G., Xu, H., Zhang, Y.-X., Xiong, H., Lu, G., Lu, L.-F., et al. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01597 · Cited by 612
Epidemic Leptospirosis Associated with Pulmonary Hemorrhage—Nicaragua, 1995
Trevejo, R. T., Rigau‐Pérez, J. G., Ashford, D. A., McClure, E. M., Jarquín‐González, C., Amador, J. J., de los Reyes, J. O., Gonzalez, A., Zaki, S. R., Shieh, W., et al. (1998) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/314424 · Cited by 440
Nascimento, A. L. T. O., Ko, A. I., Martins, E. A. L., Monteiro-Vitorello, C. B., Ho, P. L., Haake, D. A., Verjovski-Almeida, S., Hartskeerl, R. A., Marques, M. V., Oliveira, M. C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.186.7.2164-2172.2004 · Cited by 434
Self-citationHemofiltration and Peritoneal Dialysis in Infection-Associated Acute Renal Failure in Vietnam
Phu, N. H., Hien, T. T., Mai, N. T. H., Chau, T. T. H., Chuong, L. V., Loc, P. P., Winearls, C., Farrar, J., White, N., & Day, N. (2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa020074 · Cited by 365
Detection of pathogenic leptospires by real-time quantitative PCR
Levett, P. N., Morey, R. E., Galloway, R. L., Turner, D. E., Steigerwalt, A. G., & Mayer, L. W. (2005) · Journal of Medical Microbiology · doi:10.1099/jmm.0.45860-0 · Cited by 307
Cited by
Diagnosis and epidemiology of leptospirosis
Picardeau, M. (2013) · Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses · doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2012.11.005 · Cited by 398
Small Animal Zoonoses and Immuncompromised Pet Owners
Mani, I., & Maguire, J. H. (2009) · Topics in Companion Animal Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2009.07.002 · Cited by 68
Metadata
- Authors
- McBride, A. J., Athanazio, D. A., Reis, M. G., & Ko, A. I.
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 376-386
- ISSN
- 0951-7375 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4211128005
- Cited by
- 518
- References
- 41
- FWCI
- 15.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Leptospirosis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c
- The paper
- McBride, A. J., Athanazio, D. A., Reis, M. G., & Ko, A. I. (2005). Leptospirosis. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.qco.0000178824.05715.2c
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
