Cited by 683Methodologies in Health Research and PracticeQualitative Research Methods and ApplicationsEducational Research and Methods

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Distinctions Between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework

Varpio, Lara, Paradis, Elise, Uijtdehaage, Sebastian, Young, Meredith·2020·Academic Medicine

DOI 10.1097/acm.0000000000003075

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Health professions education (HPE) researchers are regularly asked to articulate their use of theory, theoretical frameworks, and conceptual frameworks in their research. However, all too often, these words are used interchangeably or without a clear understanding of the differences between these concepts. Further problematizing this situation is the fact that theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework are terms that are used in different ways in different research approaches. In this article, the authors set out to clarify the meaning of these terms and to describe how they are used in 2 approaches to research commonly used in HPE: the objectivist deductive approach (from theory to data) and the subjectivist inductive approach (from data to theory). In addition to this, given that within subjectivist inductive research theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework can be used in different ways, they describe 3 uses that HPE researchers frequently rely on: fully inductive theory development, fully theory-informed inductive, and theory-informing inductive data analysis.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1097/acm.0000000000003075

Cites

21 of 21 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Untitled work
(1984) · Cited by 81,983
THE DISCOVERY OF GROUNDED THEORY: STRATEGIES FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH. By Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1967. 271 pp. $6.75
Wagner, H. R., Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1968) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2575405 · Cited by 46,525
Untitled work
(1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 18,397
Untitled work
(1996) · Cited by 11,584
Book Reviews: Kerlinger, Fred N. Foundations of Behavioral Research. (2nd ed.) New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1973. 741 + xx pp. $13.95
Stockton, R. A., & Kerlinger, F. N. (1974) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.2307/1162206 · Cited by 7,359
Demystifying theory and its use in improvement
Davidoff, F., Dixon-Woods, M., Leviton, L., & Michie, S. (2015) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003627 · Cited by 714
The Positivism Paradigm of Research
Park, Y. S., Konge, L., & Artino, A. R. (2019) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003093 · Cited by 634
Why use theories in qualitative research?
Reeves, S., Albert, M., Kuper, A., & Hodges, B. D. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a949 · Cited by 519
The Constructivist Credo
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315418810 · Cited by 322
Quality of reporting of experimental studies in medical education: a systematic review
Cook, D. A., Beckman, T. J., & Bordage, G. (2007) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2007.02777.x · Cited by 237

Show all 21 references

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Grant, 2014, Understanding, selection, and integrating a theoretical framework in dissertation research: Creating the blueprint for your “house.”, Adm Issues J: Connect Educ Pract Res, 4, 12

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 683

It’s very difficult to set the boundaries, it’s human nature to want to respond: exploring health professions educators’ responses to student mental health difficulties through a positioning theory lens
Marais, D. (2023) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-023-10254-7 · Cited by 12
Affective Prosody and Its Impact on the Neurology of Language, Depression, Memory and Emotions
Ross, E. D. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13111572 · Cited by 22
Bridging the Uncanny Valley: Improving AI Chatbots for Effective Leadership Mentoring
Krauter, J. (2024) · Open Journal of Leadership · doi:10.4236/ojl.2024.133021 · Cited by 5
Being Edgy in Health Professions Education: Concluding the Philosophy of Science Series
MacLeod, A., Ellaway, R., Paradis, E., Park, Y. S., Young, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000003250 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Inside-out: normalising practice-based IPE
O’Leary, N., Salmon, N., & Clifford, A. M. (2021) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-020-10017-8 · Cited by 15
Fairness in Assessment: Identifying a Complex Adaptive System
Valentine, N. A., Durning, S. J., Shanahan, E. M., & Schuwirth, L. (2023) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.993 · Cited by 13
Unravelling underlying processes in intraprofessional workplace learning in residency
Teheux, L., Kuijer‐Siebelink, W., Bus, L., Draaisma, J. M. T., Coolen, E. H. A. J., & van der Velden, J. A. E. M. (2023) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15271 · Cited by 13
Navigating the paradox: Exploring resident experiences of vulnerability
Nichol, H., Turnnidge, J., Dalgarno, N., & Trier, J. (2024) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15426 · Cited by 13
Exploring the “led” in health professional student-led experiences: a scoping review
Lising, D., Copley, J., Hill, A. E., Martyniuk, J., Patterson, F., Quinlan, T., & Parker, K. (2024) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-024-10355-x · Cited by 14
I don’t think that means what you think it means: Why precision in lifelong learning terminology matters to medical education
Conway, D., Chang, D. A., & Jackson, J. (2022) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2022.2055456 · Cited by 15
Benchmarking in Academic Physical Therapy Using the PT-GQ Survey: Wave 2 Update With Application to Accreditation Reporting
Dudley‐Javoroski, S., & Shields, R. K. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzac067 · Cited by 13
Stress and conflict from tacit culture forges professional identity in newly graduated independent physicians
Yiu, S., Yeung, M., Cheung, W. J., & Frank, J. R. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10173-z · Cited by 14
Faculty Perception of Student Engagement in Online Anatomy Laboratory Courses During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Richards, S. (2023) · Medical Science Educator · doi:10.1007/s40670-023-01762-7 · Cited by 16
Parents' perceptions of the quality of infant sleep behaviours and practices: A qualitative systematic review
Zanetti, N., D’Souza, L., Tchernegovski, P., & Blunden, S. L. (2022) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.2369 · Cited by 12
The Resident Learning Journey in the Medical Intensive Care Unit
Herzog, T. L., Sawatsky, A. P., Kelm, D. J., Nelson, D. R., Park, J. G., & Niven, A. S. (2023) · ATS Scholar · doi:10.34197/ats-scholar.2022-0103oc · Cited by 12
The Role of African Indigenous Knowledge Systems in Achieving Restorative Justice among the Vhavenda of South Africa
Mawere, J., & Tshamano, N. W. (2023) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1002677 · Cited by 12
A Goffmanian analysis of impact of unclear professional identity and role negotiation of pharmacists in primary care: A multiple case study
Lake, J. D., Barnsley, J. M., Lofters, A., & Austin, Z. (2024) · Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy · doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.04.016 · Cited by 15
Ova-looking feminist theory: a call for consideration within health professions education and research
Finn, G. M., & Brown, M. E. L. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10108-8 · Cited by 19
The scope of health professions education requires complementary and diverse approaches to knowledge synthesis
Norman, G. R., Sherbino, J., & Varpio, L. (2022) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-022-00706-y · Cited by 12
Self-citation
How human anatomy is being taught in entry‐level occupational therapy programs in the United States
Veazey, K., & Robertson, E. M. (2022) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2226 · Cited by 12
The theory practice gap among nurse educators: A pedagogical pickle
O’Connor, S. (2022) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103464 · Cited by 12
The contribution of theory to an ethnographic case study on interprofessional placements in healthcare education
O’Leary, N., Salmon, N., & Clifford, A. M. (2020) · International Journal of Social Research Methodology · doi:10.1080/13645579.2020.1756636 · Cited by 12
Exploring perspectives on health professions education scholarship units from sub-Saharan Africa
Schalkwyk, S. C. V., OʼBrien, B. C., van der Vleuten, C. P. M., WILKINSON, T. J., Meyer, I. S., & Schmutz, A. M. S. (2020) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.1007/s40037-020-00619-8 · Cited by 12
The impact of COVID-19 on the workplace wellbeing of police services in Australia
Bamberry, L., Neher, A., Jenkins, S., Sutton, C., Frost, M., Roberts, R. J., Dwivedi, A., O'Meara, P. F., & Wong, A. (2022) · Labour & Industry a journal of the social and economic relations of work · doi:10.1080/10301763.2022.2034090 · Cited by 12
Avoiding Corporate Greenwashing? Sustainability Silence Narratives in the Agri‐Food Industry
Boiral, O., Brotherton, M., Talbot, D., & Guillaumie, L. (2025) · Business Ethics the Environment & Responsibility · doi:10.1111/beer.12847 · Cited by 11
ADEPT: A Socio-Technical Theory of Continuous Integration
Elazhary, O., Storey, M., Ernst, N., & Paradis, E. (2021) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results (ICSE-NIER) · doi:10.1109/icse-nier52604.2021.00014 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
How do universities support communication skills for clinical placements with culturally and linguistically diverse students? A scoping review
Brewer, M. L., Jackson, E., & Bartle, E. K. (2023) · Nurse Education in Practice · doi:10.1016/j.nepr.2023.103848 · Cited by 11
Six Bricks®: A path to wellness in the educational and health systems
Liversage, C., Niesing, C., Mong, E., Fouché, E., der Merwe, J. V., Ramadie, K. J., Bester, P., Breytenbach, T., & le Roux, V. (2023) · doi:10.4102/aosis.2023.bk427 · Cited by 11
The Mpumalanga Highveld Air Pollution Crisis: A South African Reparations Framework for Environmental State–Corporate Harm
Kamolane-Kgadima, B., & Kathi, T. (2024) · International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy · doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.3245 · Cited by 13
Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Analysing Speech Acts in Different Cultures
Usmani, S., & ALMASHHAM, A. (2024) · International Journal of Language and Literary Studies · doi:10.36892/ijlls.v6i1.1586 · Cited by 11
Incorporating Anti-racist Principles Throughout the Research Lifecycle: A Position Statement from the Society of General Internal Medicine (SGIM)
Gonzalez, C. J., Krishnamurthy, S., Rollin, F. G., Siddiqui, S., Henry, T. L., Kiefer, M. M., Wan, S., & Weerahandi, H. M. (2024) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-024-08770-2 · Cited by 12
Research on family offices: What is the way forward? A systematic literature review
Hayoz, P., Ge, B., & Massis, A. D. (2025) · Journal of Family Business Strategy · doi:10.1016/j.jfbs.2025.100670 · Cited by 15
Tools for Medical Education Scholarship: From Curricular Development to Educational Research
Mills, D. M., & Teufel, R. J. (2020) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2019-0293 · Cited by 11
Learning the ropes: strategies program directors use to facilitate organizational socialization of newcomer residents, a qualitative study
Galema, G., Duvivier, R. J., Pols, J., Jaarsma, D. A. D. C., & Wietasch, G. J. K. G. (2022) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03315-9 · Cited by 13
Balancing closure and discovery: adaptive expertise in the workplace
Gamborg, M. L., Jensen, R. D., Musaeus, P., & Mylopoulos, M. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10177-9 · Cited by 11
Environmental health perceptions of urban youth from low‐income communities: A qualitative photovoice study and framework
Sprague, N. L., Zonnevylle, H. M., Hall, L. J., Williams, R., Dains, H., Liang, D., & Ekenga, C. C. (2023) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13776 · Cited by 10
Building a Workplace-Based Learning Culture: The “Receiver's” Perspective on Speaking Up
Barlow, M., Watson, B. M., Jones, L., Morse, K. J., Maccallum, F., & Rudolph, J. W. (2023) · The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science · doi:10.1177/00218863231190951 · Cited by 13
“I Had Nobody to Represent Me”: How Perceptions of Diabetes Health-Care Providers’ Age, Gender and Ethnicity Impact Shared Decision-Making in Adults With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Ahmad, T., Hari, S., Cleary, D., & Yu, C. H. Y. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.06.002 · Cited by 11
The importance of crafting a good introduction to scholarly research: strategies for creating an effective and impactful opening statement
Tavakol, M., & O’Brien, D. P. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.6499.82af · Cited by 11
The impact of ageing simulation education on qualified acute care nurses' empathy towards older people: A mixed‐methods study
Bowden, A., Wilson, V., Traynor, V., & Chang, H. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16474 · Cited by 10
Pushing against a future dark side for community development : An editorial call to action
Talmage, C. A., Mars, M. M., Hains, B. J., Hains, K. D., & Ashdown, B. K. (2023) · Community Development · doi:10.1080/15575330.2023.2173265 · Cited by 10
How to … use theory as method in HPE research
McOwen, K. S., Varpio, L., & Konopasky, A. (2023) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.13615 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Examining the Family-Centeredness of Speech-Language Pathologists Working With Children Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Biggs, E. E., Therrien, M. C. S., Abarca, D. L., Romano, M. K., Barton-Hulsey, A., & Collins, S. C. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2023_ajslp-23-00301 · Cited by 10
The Conceptual Framework: A Practical Guide
Kulesa, J. T., Induru, S., Hubbard, E. W., & Bhansali, P. (2024) · Hospital Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/hpeds.2024-007794 · Cited by 24
Interventions to enhance the core competencies of clinical nursing preceptors: A systematic review
Liu, K., Wang, S., Liu, M., Tang, S., & Chen, Q. (2024) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106536 · Cited by 15
A mixed methods study investigating factors affecting adherence to Plasmodium vivax malaria primaquine radical cure regimens among migrants along the Myanmar-Thailand border
Ansari, A. T., Aung, K. K., Win, H. H., Beau, C., Nu, B., Soe, N. L., Htoo, K., San, T., Wah, T. G., Keereevijit, A., et al. (2025) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0003615 · Cited by 10
Systemic Gamification Theory (SGT): A Holistic Model for Inclusive Gamified Digital Learning
Coelho, F., & Abreu, A. M. (2025) · Multimodal Technologies and Interaction · doi:10.3390/mti9070070 · Cited by 16
Relationships between occupational stress and occupational safety and health outcomes amongst construction workers: A meta-analysis of evidence from the past twenty years
Man, S. S., Wang, D., Tsang, S. N. H., Liu, L., & Chan, A. H. S. (2025) · Safety Science · doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2025.106939 · Cited by 10
Threshold concepts in group-based mentoring and implications for faculty development: A qualitative analysis
Kvernenes, M., Valestrand, E. A., Schei, E., Boudreau, J. D., Ofstad, E. H., & Hokstad, L. M. (2021) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2021.1931077 · Cited by 10
‘Every Human Interaction Requires a Bit of Give and Take’: Medical Students’ Approaches to Pursuing Feedback in the Clinical Setting
McGinness, H. T., Caldwell, P. H. Y., Gunasekera, H., & Scott, K. M. (2022) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2022.2084401 · Cited by 12
The consequences of cultural difference: the international medical graduate journey in New Zealand
Mannes, M. M., Thornley, D. J., & WILKINSON, T. J. (2023) · International Journal of Medical Education · doi:10.5116/ijme.6440.0e37 · Cited by 12
The application of communication accommodation theory to understand receiver reactions in healthcare speaking up interactions
Barlow, M., Watson, B. M., Jones, L., Morse, C. Y., & Maccallum, F. (2023) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2023.2249939 · Cited by 18
Theory of systems change: An initial, middle-range theory of public health research impact
Craike, M. J., Pogrmilović, B. K., Mowle, A., & Riley, T. (2023) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvad030 · Cited by 16
Mentorship and workplace support needs of new graduate physiotherapists in rural and remote settings: A qualitative study
Martin, R. A., Mandrusiak, A., Lu, A., & Forbes, R. (2021) · Focus on Health Professional Education A Multi-Professional Journal · doi:10.11157/fohpe.v22i1.426 · Cited by 10
Strangers in a strange land: The experience of physicians undergoing remediation
Bourgeois‐Law, G., Regehr, G., Teunissen, P. W., & Varpio, L. (2022) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14736 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Teacher, Gatekeeper, or Team Member: supervisor positioning in programmatic assessment
Jamieson, J., Gibson, S., Hay, M., & Palermo, C. E. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10193-9 · Cited by 9
Applying Conceptual and Theoretical Frameworks to Health Professions Education Research: An Introductory Workshop
Rougas, S. C., Berry, A., Bierer, S. B., Blanchard, R. D., Cianciolo, A. T., Colbert‐Getz, J. M., Han, H., Lipner, K., & Teal, C. R. (2022) · MedEdPORTAL · doi:10.15766/mep_2374-8265.11286 · Cited by 9
Paradigms unfolded – developing, validating, and evaluating the Medical Education e-Professionalism framework from a philosophical perspective
Guraya, S. S., Harkin, D. W., Yusoff, M. S. B., & Guraya, S. Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1230620 · Cited by 11
Living and post‐mortem CT scans in the gross anatomy lab: A study investigating differences in first‐year medical students' exam performance and perceptions
Brown, W., Afshari, S., ZHOU, M. S., Lythgoe, J., Walsh, R., & Hielscher, A. C. (2024) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.2371 · Cited by 9
Transferability in three dimensions (3D): applicability, theoretical engagement, and resonance
Brown, M. E. L., Stalmeijer, R. E., & OʼBrien, B. C. (2025) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-025-10439-2 · Cited by 9
There is a method to the madness, and a madness to the method: A beginner's guide to qualitative research
Dueñas, A. N., Lazarus, M. D., & Byram, J. N. (2025) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.70055 · Cited by 14
Writing for publication: increasing the likelihood of success
Thistlethwaite, J. E., & Anderson, L. (2020) · Journal of Interprofessional Care · doi:10.1080/13561820.2020.1798899 · Cited by 10
Learning team-based quality improvement in a virtual setting: a qualitative study
Hovlid, E., Husabø, G., Valestrand, E. A., & Hartveit, M. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061390 · Cited by 16
The experiences of adolescent siblings of children with rare genetic conditions: “It's made me who I am”
Heaton, J. A., Wainstein, T., Study, C., Study, G., Elliott, A. M., & Austin, J. (2022) · Journal of Genetic Counseling · doi:10.1002/jgc4.1636 · Cited by 9
Neuroleadership: A Concept Analysis and Implications for Nursing
Hashish, E. A. A. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/jnn.0000000000000779 · Cited by 9
Precision prevention in occupational health: a conceptual analysis and development of a unified understanding and an integrative framework
Mess, F., Blaschke, S., Gebhard, D., & Friedrich, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1444521 · Cited by 13
Shattering the Shield: Embracing Complexity in Undergraduate Medical Education
Bezzina, C., McQuade, R., Lowe, W. A., Mair, F. S., & Pope, L. M. (2025) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.70018 · Cited by 9
Making decisions “in the dark”: Learning through uncertainty in clinical practice during Covid‐19
Vaid, U., Lundgren, H., Watkins, K. E., Ziring, D. J., Alcid, G. A., Marsick, V. J., & Papanagnou, D. (2023) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.10909 · Cited by 8
Educator, judge, public defender: Conflicting roles for remediators of practising physicians
Bourgeois‐Law, G., Regehr, G., Teunissen, P. W., & Varpio, L. (2020) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.14285 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
A guide to peer reviewing medical education scholarship: Advice from editors of AEM Education and Training
Gottlieb, M. A., Chan, T. M., & Promes, S. B. (2021) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.10652 · Cited by 7
Seven Practical Recommendations for Designing and Conducting Qualitative Research in Medical Education
Lyons, P. G., Gause, S. A., Eakin, M. N., OʼBrien, B. C., & Santhosh, L. (2024) · ATS Scholar · doi:10.34197/ats-scholar.2023-0144ps · Cited by 8
Be AIware! An AI Competency Model for K-12 Education
Sattelmaier, L., & Pawlowski, J. Μ. (2025) · Social Sciences & Humanities Open · doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2025.101838 · Cited by 10
Threshold concepts in health professions education research: a scoping review
Liljedahl, M., Palmgren, P. J., & McGrath, C. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10127-5 · Cited by 8
Multiverses, Myths, and the Big Bang
Coker, D. C. (2022) · Advances in educational marketing, administration, and leadership book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-6684-4144-2.ch022 · Cited by 8
Scholarly practice in healthcare professions: findings from a scoping review
Zaccagnini, M., Bussières, A., Mak, S., Boruff, J. T., West, A. J., & Thomas, A. (2022) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-022-10180-0 · Cited by 9
Exploring how immigrant international medical graduates successfully manage complex sociocultural challenges
Marthyman, A., & Nimmon, L. (2023) · Canadian Medical Education Journal · doi:10.36834/cmej.76244 · Cited by 8
Inventory management practices and performance of electoral systems in Kenya
Charles, M., Ndolo, J., & Odari, S. (2023) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research (IJSSHR) · doi:10.61108/ijsshr.v1i1.64 · Cited by 8
Success and limiting factors in health service innovation: a theory-generating mixed methods evaluation of UK projects
Leedham-Green, K. E., Knight, A., & Reedy, G. B. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047943 · Cited by 8
A Smartphone App (AnSim) With Various Types and Forms of Messages Using the Transtheoretical Model for Cardiac Rehabilitation in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Development and Usability Study
Choi, J. Y., Kim, J. B., Lee, S., Lee, S.-J., Shin, S. E., Park, S. H., Park, E. J., Kim, W., Na, J. O., Choi, C. U., et al. (2021) · JMIR Medical Informatics · doi:10.2196/23285 · Cited by 8
What sparks a guide on the side? A qualitative study to explore motivations and approaches of mentors in health professions education
Ramani, S., Kusurkar, R. A., Papageorgiou, E., & van Schalkwyk, S. (2022) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2021.2020739 · Cited by 8
Evolution and development of methodologies in social and behavioural science research in relation to oral health
Baker, S. R., Heaton, L. J., & McGrath, C. P. J. (2023) · Community Dentistry And Oral Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/cdoe.12821 · Cited by 8
Social Studies of Science and Technology: New ways to illuminate challenges in training for health information technologies utilisation
Rangel, J. C., & Humphrey-Murto, S. M. (2023) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15179 · Cited by 12
Sharing the Bandwidth in Cognitively Overloaded Teams and Systems: Mechanistic Insights from a Walk on the Wild Side of Clinical Reasoning
Boyle, J. G., Walters, M. R., Jamieson, S., & Durning, S. J. (2021) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2021.1924723 · Cited by 9
UK higher education staff's mental health and wellbeing during Covid-19
Kassem, R., & Mitsakis, F. (2023) · Employee Relations · doi:10.1108/er-03-2023-0166 · Cited by 7
Bush Podpreneurs: How Rural Women Podcast Producers Are Building Digital and Social Connectivity
Rae, M., & Diprose, K. (2024) · Journal of Radio & Audio Media · doi:10.1080/19376529.2024.2328690 · Cited by 7
Geo-STEM learning ecosystems: A transdisciplinary theory-based framework to establish and engage communities in the geosciences
Manning, C., & LaDue, N. (2024) · Journal of Geoscience Education · doi:10.1080/10899995.2024.2351028 · Cited by 10
A mixed method approach to analysing patterns and drivers of antibiotic use and resistance in beef farms in Argentina
Bedford, C., Galotta, M. L., Oikonomou, G., de Yaniz, M. G., Nardello, M., Bruni, S. F. S., & Davies, P. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1454032 · Cited by 8
Navigating the research landscape: How paradigms shape health professions education research
Young, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2025) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15752 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Qualitative Methods for Medical Education Research
Blalock, A. E., Phillips, J. P., Ledford, C. J. W., Wendling, A. L., Kovar-Gough, I., & Lee, A. L. (2025) · PRiMER · doi:10.22454/primer.2025.865981 · Cited by 7
An assessment of leadership development needs of school leaders for the 4.0
Letuma, N. R., Awodiji, O. A., & Naicker, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Management and Business Education · doi:10.35564/jmbe.2023.0021 · Cited by 7
‘We’re like Spider-Man; with great power comes great responsibility’: Coaches’ experiences supporting struggling medical students
Elster, M. J., Parsons, A. S., Collins, S. A., Gusic, M. E., & Hauer, K. E. (2024) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2024.2337250 · Cited by 7
Guiding medical trainees' workplace learning for interprofessional collaboration—Looking to physicians or seeing nurses?
Stalmeijer, R. E., de Grave, W. S., Smeenk, F. W. J. M., & Varpio, L. (2025) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/medu.15617 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
Recalibrating Self‐Assessment: Navigating Imposter Syndrome Through Metacognitive Reflection
Geringer, J. L., LaDonna, K. A., Varpio, L., & Merkebu, J. (2025) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.70197 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Southern Green Criminology: Fundamental Concepts
Goyes, D. R. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27754-2_1 · Cited by 7
How to Peer Review a Neurology Education Manuscript
Luca, D. G. D., Lazar, S. M., Gupta, P., Lukban, M. C. S., Crowson, C., Albert, D. V. F., Moeller, J. J., Fernandez, A., Southerland, A. M., & London, Z. N. (2023) · Neurology Education · doi:10.1212/ne9.0000000000200099 · Cited by 7
Perspectives on Drivers of Biodiversity and Environmental Changes in the Keta Lagoon Ramsar Site of Ghana
Mattah, P. A. D., Akwetey, M. F. A., Abrokwah, S., Prah, P., Tuffour, D. K., Aheto, D. W., & Subramanian, S. M. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020666 · Cited by 7
Effects of an Experiential Learning Curriculum on Systems-Thinking
Kovaric, K., & Gingell, G. (2024) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205241262210 · Cited by 6
An examination of the pirate cycle theory: insights from modern piracy dynamics
Soğancılar, N., & SARIHAN, A. Y. (2025) · Maritime Policy & Management · doi:10.1080/03088839.2025.2464838 · Cited by 6
Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating AI Explanations: A Scoping Review of Explainable AI Frameworks
Cortiñas-Lorenzo, K., Cai, W., & Doherty, G. J. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3769678 · Cited by 11
Readiness for the Realities of Internship: An Ethnographic Study Using Legitimation Code Theory
Pattinson, S. R., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., & Atherley, A. (2025) · Perspectives on Medical Education · doi:10.5334/pme.1802 · Cited by 6

Authors: Varpio, L., Paradis, E., Uijtdehaage, S., & Young, M.
Affiliations: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
University of Toronto (CA)
McGill University (CA)
Corresponding author: Varpio, Lara
ORCID: Varpio, Lara
Paradis, Elise
Uijtdehaage, Sebastian
Young, Meredith
Venue: Academic Medicine
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2019-11-12
Volume: 95
Issue: 7
Pages: 989-994
ISSN: 1040-2446 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1097/acm.0000000000003075
OpenAlex: W2983904256
Cited by: 681
References: 21
Citations by year: 2026: 117 · 2025: 130 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 103 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 1
FWCI: 49.00
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Academic Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Methodologies in Health Research and Practice
Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
Keywords: theory, theoretical framework, conceptual framework, health professions education research
MeSH terms: Concept Formation, Health Occupations, Humans, Models, Theoretical, Research Design, Qualitative Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

The Distinctions Between Theory, Theoretical Framework, and Conceptual Framework

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks