Recommendations for core outcome domain set for whiplash-associated disorders (CATWAD)
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Inconsistent reporting of outcomes in clinical trials of treatments for Whiplash-associated Disorders (WAD) hinders effective data pooling and conclusions that can be drawn about the effectiveness of tested treatments. The aim of this study was to provide recommendations for core outcome domains that should be included in clinical trials of WAD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 3-step process was used: (1) A list of potential core outcome domains were identified from the published literature. (2) Researchers, health care providers, patients, and insurance personnel participated and rated the importance of each domain via a 3-round Delphi survey. A priori criteria for consensus were established. (3) Experts comprising researchers, health care providers, and a consumer representative participated in a multidisciplinary consensus meeting that made final decisions on the recommended core outcome domains. RESULTS: The literature search identified 63 potential core domains. A total of 223 participants were invited to partake in the Delphi surveys, with 41.7% completing round 1, 45.3% round 2, and 51.4% round 3. Eleven core domains met the criteria for inclusion across the entire sample. After the expert consensus meeting, 6 core domains were recommended: Physical Functioning, Perceived Recovery, Work and Social Functioning, Psychological Functioning, Quality of Life, and Pain. DISCUSSION: A 3-step process was used to recommend core outcome domains for clinical trials in WAD. Six core domains were recommended: Physical Functioning, Perceived Recovery, Work and Social Functioning, Psychological Functioning, Quality of Life, and Pain. The next step is to determine the outcome measurement instruments for each of these domains.
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A steering committee developed a set of core outcomes in six different domains which included psychological functioning, quality of life, and work and social functioning.
“To address this, a steering committee developed a set of core outcomes in six different domains which included psychological functioning, quality of life, and work and social functioning.119”
From Impact of healthcare interventions on distress following acute musculoskeletal/orthopaedic injury: A scoping review of systematic reviews (2024) · cites this paper as [119]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Chen, K., Andersen, T., Carroll, L., Connelly, L., Côté, P., Curatolo, M., Elliott, J., Grant, G., Jull, G., Kasch, H., MacDermid, J., Malmström, E.-M., Maujean, A., McLean, S. A., Nielsen, M., Rebbeck, T., Söderlund, A., Sterling, J., Treleaven, J., Walton, D. M., Westergren, H., & Sterling, M.
- Affiliations
- Recover Injury Research Centre
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Washington (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Lund University (SE)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Mälardalen University (SE)
- Griffith University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Côté, Pierre
- Kasch, Helge
- Maujean, Annick
- McLean, Samuel A.
- Sterling, Joanna
- Sterling, Michele
- ORCID
- Andersen, Tonny
- Carroll, Linda
- Connelly, Luke
- Côté, Pierre
- Curatolo, Michele
- Elliott, James
- Grant, Genevieve
- Jull, Gwendolen
- Kasch, Helge
- MacDermid, Joy
- Malmström, Eva-Maj
- Maujean, Annick
- McLean, Samuel A.
- Nielsen, Mandy
- Rebbeck, Trudy
- Söderlund, Anne
- Treleaven, Julia
- Walton, David M.
- Westergren, Hans
- Sterling, Michele
- Venue
- The Clinical Journal of Pain
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 727-736
- ISSN
- 0749-8047 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2949688272
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 10.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Clinical Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
- Scholarship@Western (Western University) (submittedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Delphi Technique in Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Medical Practices and Rehabilitation
- Keywords
- whiplash-associated disorders, core outcome set, outcome reporting, clinical trial reporting, physical function, perceived recovery, work and social functioning, psychological functioning, quality of life, pain, Delphi consensus, outcome measurement instruments
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Quality of Life, Research Design, Whiplash Injuries, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Consensus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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